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COMING
SOON: SKID CONTROL
SESSIONS.....WATCH OUT FOR DETAILS Official Driving School for The Civil Protection Department. Cell: 79693511 |
| A: Abbreviation for "ampere." A-2 tire: A term used for tire sizes 16.00 and larger in nominal cross section. Also called "earthmover" or "off-the-road" tires AA: Abbreviation for "Automobile Association" a term used in Great Britain AAA: Acronym for "American Automobile Association" or "Alberta Automobile Association." AABM: Acronym for "Association of American Battery Manufacturers, Inc." AAE: Acronym for "Association of Automotive Employers" (Poland). AAIA: Acronym for "Automotive Aftermarket Industry Association" AALA: Acronym for "American Automobile Labelling Act." AAM: Acronym for "Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers" A arm: See A-arm.
ABDC: A term used in timing the relation of the spark and the crankshaft. It stands for after bottom dead center. A bone: Model "A" Ford. abrasion: Wearing or rubbing away some surface because of friction. abrasive: A hard grit used for sanding or grinding. abrasive cleaner: A cleanser with some hard grit used to remove the grime and oils from a surface. abrasive disc: A circular plate (often made of plastic with hard grit embedded into it) used for grinding or sanding. abrasive paper: Sandpaper (a paper upon which sand or hard grit has been glued) used for sanding or grinding. ABS: Acronym for anti-lock brakes. ABS override button: A button or switch which disengages the automatic anti-lock braking system so that the driver can operate the brakes himself. ABS relay valve: An
electrically controlled valve which modulates the air pressure in the ABS.
accelerator interlock: A connection between the gas pedal and the automatic transmission. accelerator pedal: The accelerator, gas pedal, or throttle pedal. accelerator pump: A small pump usually located inside the carburetor that sprays an extra amount of fuel into the engine during acceleration. It improves acceleration by giving more boost and reducing a momentary lag in power. It is actuated by depressing the pedal. accelerometer: An instrument which measures the amount of acceleration. acceptable quality level: (AQL) A manufactured good that may not be perfect but does reach a level of shape, size, and performance, etc. that will make it work and last as long as the manufacturer expects. acceptance test: An examination of a part or its assembly to determine if it meets a prescribed standard. access: A way of reaching something that is usually hidden or covered. Also see access panel. access hole: An opening through which you can reach something. It is usually covered with a panel. accessories: Items and packages of equipment which are beyond the standard equipment supplied in a new vehicle. accessory: See accessories. accessory package: A set of features or appointments which may be ordered at extra cost on a new vehicle. access panel: The cover which conceals the engine on a mid-engine vehicle. Also called "engine cover." Also see hood. accident damage: The destruction caused to a vehicle's bodywork when it is involved in an accident. accumulator: [1] A storage battery for an electric car. [2] A pressurized container for an automatic levelling suspension system. [3] A part of the hydraulic system which is charged by the fluid pump, absorbs fluctuating fluid delivery, stores fluid at pressure, and can provide a rapid flow of fluid under pressure. See accumulator piston. accumulator battery: A storage battery (i.e., the main battery in your vehicle). accumulator drier: A device which is part of the air conditioning system. It is made up of a tank, filter, drying agent, and a vapor return tube. It is usually found on the evaporator outlet. It stores the excess refrigerant and removes the moisture from the refrigerant (thus the name "drier"). Also see receiver drier. accumulator piston: A unit found in the automatic transmission to assist the servo to apply the brake band quickly and smoothly. accumulator system: In an automatic transmission, it includes a hydraulic accumulator piston which is controlled by a valve. accumulator valve: A device which operates the hydraulic accumulator piston in an automatic transmission. Ace: See AC Ace. ACEA: Acronym for "Association des Constructeurs européens d'Automobiles" (i.e., European Automakers Association) Aceca: See AC Aceca. acetylene: A gas composed of two parts of carbon and two parts of hydrogen. When burned in an atmosphere of oxygen, it produces one of the highest flame temperatures obtainable for welding. acetylene bottle: acetylene cylinder acetylene cylinder: A specially built container manufactured according to I.C.C. Standards. Used to store and ship acetylene. Also called "acetylene tank" or "acetylene bottle" acetylene hose: A flexible
medium used to carry gases from regulators to the torch. It is made of fabric
and rubber.
Ackermann angle: The toe-out or toe-in of a vehicle with Ackermann steering when the wheels are positioned straight ahead. Ackermann axle: In a vehicle with Ackermann steering (at the front of the vehicle), it is a non-rotating axle that is steerable and has two pivot points (one on each end of the axle) with vertical kingpins. across corners: (A/C) The distance on a nut (for instance) from one corner to the opposite corner rather than the distance from one flat surface (A/F) to the opposite (which would be the size of wrench needed to install or remove the nut). The purpose of the A/C dimension is to know how large a hole might be needed to insert a recessed nut. across flats: (A/F) The distance on a nut (for instance) from one flat surface to the opposite flat surface, i.e., this is the size of the wrench needed to install or remove the nut. Also see across corners. acrylate: a polymer used to strengthen rubber (e.g., ethyl acrylate). acrylic: a term relating to a type of paint made by polymerizing acrylonitrile. acrylic finish: a final coating of paint which uses acrylic paint, often where the pigment and an acrylic paint are mixed together. See two-pack paint. acrylic paint: a type of paint made by polymerizing acrylonitrile. acrylic resin: a thermoplastic synthetic polymer made by polymerizing an acrylic derivative such as acrylonitrile, acrylic acid, ethyl acrylate, and methacrylate. It is used for adhesives, protective coatings, and paint finishes. AC Shelby Cobra: The 1962-67 Shelby Cobra models are milestone cars. ACT: Acronym for "air charge temperature." activated carbon: A highly porous carbon which is able to absorb gases and fluids. It is usually found in small pellets so that the surface area is greater than a large chunk of it. Also it has a number of pores on each pellet to increase the surface area more. Thus the greater surface area means greater ability to absorb. Also called "activated charcoal." activated carbon canister: An automotive filter in which activated carbon has been placed so that gas tank fuel vapors, which have accumulated when the vehicle is not running, are trapped in the filter. When the engine is running, hot air is forced into the filter and push out the vapors into the engine. In this way, pollution is reduced and conservation of the fuel is maintained. Also called "activated charcoal trap" or "charcoal canister." activated charcoal: See activated carbon and charcoal. activated charcoal trap: See activated carbon canister. activator: A substance which is used to speed up the process of curing a tire. active braking time: The length of time (excluding the driver's reaction time) a vehicle takes to come to a complete stop after the brakes are applied. active noise control system: See anti-noise system. active safety: The opposite of passive safety. Passive safety involves seat belts, airbags, bumpers, etc. so that in the event of an accident the passengers are protected. Active safety involves factors which will assist the driver in avoiding an accident. They include brakes, steering, handling response, acceleration, etc. active suspension: While conventional suspension uses springs and shock absorbers to isolate the vehicle from the bouncing movement of the wheels when it contacts rough roads, active suspension uses power actuators which are controlled by a computer. These actuators place the wheels of the vehicle in the best position to accommodate rough roads as well as compensate for different load levels. actual cash value: (ACV) The amount of money a dealer has invested in the purchase of a used vehicle and any additional costs to repair the unit in order to get it ready for resale. actual throat: A welding term which describes the distance from the face of a weld to the root of the weld actuate: The action of bringing a part or assembly into operation. actuating lever: A triggering device used to bring a part or assembly into operation. actuating switch: A triggering device used to bring a part or assembly into operation. actuator: A device which controls or operates another device. actuator arm: An arm connecting the diaphragm to the contact breaker platform in an advance mechanism. Also called "diaphragm link." ACV: Acronym for actual cash value. adapter: (Also spelled "adaptor") A connector which links two items usually of dissimilar structure or size. Also see carburetor adapter, engine adapter, and transmission adapter. adapter plate: (Also spelled "adaptor plate") A plate which is placed between two different parts in order to link them. Also see transfer plate. additive: A substance (liquid or powder) which is added to gasoline or oil and is intended to improve the characteristics of the original product. ADEFA: Acronym for "Asociacion de Fabricas de Automotores" (Argentina) adhere: To stick or be glued to something. adhesion: [1] The ability of paint, primer, or glue to stick to the surface to which it is applied. [2] The ability of a tire to grip the surface of the road. adhesive: A substance (like glue) that is used to join two substances. adhesive tape: A tape with a sticky substance on one side. It usually comes in a roll of various widths. Sometimes used to insulate electrical wires (e.g., electrical tape) or to wrap a larger object (e.g., duct tape). Often the non-sticky side is shiny (but not always). adhesive weight: Lead wheel weights which have a sticky backing. It comes in strips and is applied to a wheel rim. Also called "tape weight." adiabatic: A property of being able to maintain heat evenly. It does not gain any heat or lose it. Also see thermal efficiency. adiabatic engine: An engine which is very efficient in transferring combustion heat to those parts of the engine which are being cooled by the flow of anti-freeze coolant -- thus maintaining an even temperature of the engine. In this way the engine is warm enough for efficient running and it does not overheat. adjust: The action of putting something into its proper alignment or position. It may involve one component (e.g., He adjusted the gasket to fit properly.) or a series of components (e.g., He adjusted the poor idle -- might mean he set the ignition timing, adjusted the carburetor screws, changed the choke setting, cleaned or replaced the spark plugs, etc.) Also see tweak. adjustable: A characteristic of something that can be changed, removed, or give different properties. adjustable cup: The left-hand cup in a bottom bracket of a bicycle, used in adjusting the bottom bracket bearings and removed during bottom bracket overhaul. The other cup is the fixed cup. adjustable shock: See adjustable shocks. adjustable shocks: shock absorbers which can compensate for varying needs of stiffness or softness. Manual types require that you physically make the adjustment from one level to another. Automatic types are controlled by a computer as it senses particular changes in road condition. adjustable spanner: British term for adjustable wrench. adjustable variable exhaust port: A device used on two-stroke engines which automatically alters or varies the exhaust port size. adjustable wrench: A crescent wrench or pipe wrench. A tool which has a fixed jaw and a movable jaw which is controlled by a spiral gear. It is used to install or remove bolts and nuts of various sizes. The wrench itself comes in a variety of lengths and jaw sizes. A crescent wrench has smooth jaws while a pipe wrench has serrated jaws. British term is "adjustable spanner." adjuster: A device for moving something into the correct position or into a different position such as a seat adjuster. adjuster cam: A device for moving the shoes on drum brakes closer to the drum itself so that there is less travel when the brakes are applied. adjusting gage: See adjusting gauge. adjusting gauge: A tool used to determine the small distance between two parts so that they can be brought within specifications. adjusting screw: A small screw usually found on carburetors or brakes which change the way something operates, such as increasing or decreasing the amount of fuel entering the engine; or changing the idle speed; or tightening up the brakes; or changing the setting on rocker arms. adjusting shim: A thin washer or plate which reduces or increases the clearance between two components (depending upon where they are placed). While some valves are adjusted by screws on the rocker arm, others are set by inserting a shim to make the same adjustment. adjusting sleeve: A small cylinder on the end of the tie rod which shortens or lengthens the rod to make changes in the toe-in and toe-out. adjustment: [1] changing or modifying the position or alignment of two components. [2] the distance of travel that a component has. Adler: The brand name of a vehicle. With required application the 1925-48 models are classic cars. A-drier: See a-dryer. A-dryer: A paint dryer which has the heating elements below the paint drying line. adsorption: The bonding that takes place when a gas or vapor comes into contact with a solid. The opposite is desorption. adsorption canister: See activated carbon canister.
advance capsule: See vacuum advance. advance curve: As the speed of the engine increases the ignition advance also increases. On paper, a pattern is drawn as a curve to represent this relationship. advanced: [1] A condition in which something occurs early. [2] A product which is on the cutting edge of technology and shows the latest in new ideas and concepts. advanced rim taper: A rim where both bead seats are tapered 5°. advance weight: One of two small weights located in a centrifugal advance assembly. AEA: Acronym for "Automotive Electric Association." AERA: Acronym for "Automotive Engine Rebuilders Association." aeration: A foaming of a liquid because air has been introduced into the fluid. When it occurs in certain liquids, it decreases the efficiency of the liquid. aerial: British term for antenna. aerodynamic: the efficient flow of air around an object. aerodynamic drag: The resistance of the air to forward movement, sometimes called "air resistance." This is a factor of the shape of the vehicle (drag coefficient and frontal area), the objects which stick out (i.e., mirrors, mufflers, bumpers), the amount of turbulence at the rear of the vehicle, the nature of the vehicle's skin surface, and the amount of air going through the vehicle for cooling and ventilation. The faster you go, the greater the air friction (air friction = velocity x velocity). The faster you go, the greater the amount of power needed to overcome this drag (power = velocity x velocity x velocity). aerodynamics: The study of the flow of air as it passes over and around a moving object as well as the forces which the air makes on the object. An airplane, for instance, needs positive lift to get it airborne and negative lift to help it land. Thus the shape of a land vehicle (car, bicycle, etc.) either promotes positive or negative lift. Race cars may use spoilers and wings (air foils) to control lift. In vehicle design, the airflow is monitored in a wind tunnel. As well, aerodynamics also studies the most efficient shapes for increased speed and fuel economy. aerodynamic stance: In order to create less drag, the vehicle is lowered closer to the ground. This improves the flow of air over the vehicle. A better aerodynamic stance helps the vehicle to go faster when it is going in a straight line as well as give better fuel economy. Also, when a vehicle sits lower to the ground, it has a low center of gravity which makes it more stable when going through turns and enables the driver to maintain a higher speed. aerofoil: A body shaped like a wing so as to produce lift. See air foil. A/F: [1] Abbreviation for "across flats" which is the distance on a nut (for instance) from one flat surface to the opposite flat surface, i.e., this is the size of the wrench needed to install or remove the nut. Also see across corners. [2] Abbreviation for "air/fuel." See air-fuel ratio. AFB: Acronym for "Aluminum four-barrel," as in Carter AFB carburetor. A-Frame: A chassis frame which is shaped like the letter "A" where the crossbar is often the axle. It is usually found as the frame of a trailer. A/F ratio: See air-fuel ratio. after bottom dead center: (ABDC) The position of the piston as it starts its way up. afterburner: A device for burning excess carbon wastes produced by the engine so that air pollution is reduced. aftercooler: A device in a diesel engine which removes the relatively warm air which enters the engine. aftermarket: All products and services used in the repair and maintenance of vehicles after the vehicle has been sold. aftermarket equipment: Accessories and replacement parts added to a vehicle after it has been sold. aftermarket overdrive: An overdrive device which is not original equipment, but has been added after it has been sold. aftermarket part: goods not for use as original equipment in the production of light-duty vehicles or heavy-duty vehicles, i.e., products and services used in the repair and maintenance of these vehicles. aftermarket rustproofing: Although most vehicles come from the manufacturer with some rustproofing, there is no guarantee that every part of the exposed chassis and frame will be protected from the elements and the possibility of rust. Therefore rustproofing is applied by the owner of the vehicle to reduce the possibility of rust. If this rustproofing is not done when the vehicle is new, it might seal in the rust and create a greater problem. after-start enrichment: When an engine is first started, it needs a little richer fuel-air mixture (i.e., more fuel, less air). In a carbureted engine, this is accomplished by the choke (which restricts the amount of air). In a fuel injected engine, the after-start enrichment device increases the amount of fuel. As the engine warms up, the device gradually reduces the amount of enrichment. Some devices just reduce the amount gradually over time without sensing the temperature of the engine. after top dead center: (ATDC) A term used in timing the relation of the spark and the crankshaft. The position of the piston as it starts its way down. aged catalyst: A catalyst which has already been in service. Opposite to a fresh catalyst. age-hardening: Aluminum and some metal alloys will become hard and even brittle with age which is an unwanted characteristic. On the other hand when paint or cement harden over time, this process may be a desirable characteristic. ageing: See aging. agent: An intermediary with legal authority to operate on behalf of the manufacturer. agent fee: Although you can register your vehicle and obtain your licence from a government office, some states and provinces permit an agent to perform that same service and allow the agent to collect an extra fee for the service. In this way the lineup at the government office is reduced. aggressive: A French expression to indicate the reinforced front, rear, and side safety structures of a vehicle. If the strengthened structure causes more than normal damage to another vehicle, a pedestrian, or the occupants of the vehicle, then that structure is aggressive. aggressive agent: A corrosive material or chemical which attacks metal to pit them. Also called "aggressive medium." aggressive medium: A corrosive material or chemical which attacks metal to pit them. aggressivity: See aggressive. aging: [1] The deterioration of rubber properties by oxidation over a period of time. [2] A change in the properties of some metals after heat treatment or cold working (i.e., hammering or bending when metal is cold). agitation cup: A type of spray gun paint container which has an agitator. agitator: A device for mixing paint by shaking the container. AGVS: Acronym for "Automated Guided Vehicle System." a.h.: Abbreviation for ampere-hour. AHAI: Acronym for "Association of the Hungarian Automotive Industry" AHAP: Acronym for "As High As Possible." AHARA: Acronym for "As High As Reasonably Achievable" ahoogah: The sound of a particular kind of horn. See horn. AHRA: Acronym for "American Hot Rod Association." AH Rim: A wheel rim which is able to run even when the tire is flat and provides safety in case of a puncture. AIADA: Acronym for "American International Automobile Dealers Association" AIAM: Acronym for "Association of International Automobile Manufacturers" AIA-SAP: Acronym for "Automotive Industry Association" (Czech Republic) AIA-ZAP: Acronym for "Automotive Industry Association" (Slovakia). AIMA: Acronym for "Associação dos Industriais de Montagem de Automóveis" (Portugal). aimer: A tool for aiming headlights. aiming: Adjusting the direction of the headlight beams to shine without blinding oncoming traffic and yet providing the maximum illumination whether in low beam or high beam. air: [1] Abbreviation for "air conditioner." [2] A gas containing approximately 80% nitrogen, 20% oxygen, and a small portion of other gases. One of the essential factors in a combustion engine (fuel, air, proper proportion of mixture, compression, timing, and spark). AIR: An acronym for "Air Injection Reactor" system of reducing objectionable exhaust emissions. Also see air injection. air bag: A device which is part of the passive safety system. In the event of an accident, sensors will cause the airbag to be deployed so that your head will be pillowed by the bag instead of hitting the dash. airbag: A device which is part of the passive safety system. In the event of an accident, sensors will cause the airbag to be deployed so that your head will be pillowed by the bag instead of hitting the dash. airbag module: All the components that make up the airbag system: airbag, inflator, cover, and sensor. Also called "airbag unit." airbag restraint system: A system which uses an airbag to restrain occupants in the event of a collision. They may be placed on the dash or doors or even in the shoulder strap. Also called "passive restraint system." airbag unit: All the components that make up the airbag system: airbag, inflator, cover, and sensor. Also called "airbag module." air bellows: A rubber bladder or sleeve filled with compressed gas or air. Found on some suspension systems to provide cushioning. See air suspension. air bleed: See compensating jet. air bleed screw: See idle air bleed screw. airbox: The container which holds the air filter. air brake: A system of braking which is usually found on large truck in which compressed air pushes against a brake piston or diaphragm in order to apply the brakes to stop or slow the vehicle. airbrush: [1] A paint spray gun used for precise detailing work and custom painting. [2] The act of using an airbrush. air capacity: See breathing capacity. air charge temperature: (ACT) The temperature of the air being forced into the carburetor or fuel injection system
air cleaner element: The replaceable filter which prevents impurities from the air which enters the combustion chamber. Also called "air filter element." air cleaner horn: Many air cleaner canisters have a spout or horn extending from the edge of the canister into which the air is taken in. See heated intake. air compressor: A device which compresses air and stores the air into a tank so that the compressed air can be used in a shop to fill tires, run tools, spray paint, etc. In a vehicle, it can be used in brake systems, levelling systems, automatic tire inflation systems, and air supply systems. air-conditioned: The state of exchanging warm air for cold so that a vehicle or home is cooler than the outside temperature. air conditioner: (A/C) or (Air) A system of devices which causes a reduction or control of the temperature and humidity within the cab of a vehicle. It was first offered on the 1941 Packard. Two types are used in vehicles: receiver-dryer type and accumulator type. Also see compressor and condenser. air cooled: See air cooled engine. air cooled engine: An engine which generally has large fins or ribs and is often exposed to the outside air. The heat of the engine is dissipated through the fins of the engine. In contrast, the heat in a liquid-cooled engine is reduced by channels throughout the inside of the engine through which liquid (antifreeze) passes. Most older Volkswagens and motorcycles use air cooled engines. air correction jet: A small orifice which permits air to enter the emulsion tube of a carburetor. air cushion: See airbag. air dam: An attachment called a "spoiler" which is usually located below the front bumper. Its design shape and placement helps to reduce the flow of air under the vehicle. It may help to increase the flow of air to the radiator and engine compartment, affect aerodynamic drag, or affect positive and negative lift. air deflector: A panel which is positioned at an angle on the roof of a truck or on the front of the hood to cause the air to flow over the vehicle. The hood air deflector (often made of transparent plastic) is designed to prevent bugs from hitting the windshield. British term is "air shield." air dry: Allowing paint to dry at ambient (surrounding) temperatures, without the aid of an external heat source. air-dry: Allowing paint to dry at ambient (surrounding) temperatures, without the aid of an external heat source. air duct: A tube or channel which permits heated and ventilated air to enter the passenger compartment. air filter: A device for removing impurities from the air which enters the combustion chamber. See air cleaner. air filter element: The replaceable filter which prevents impurities from the air which enters the combustion chamber. See air cleaner element. air filtration: See air filtration system. air filtration system: A system that cleans smog, pollen, exhaust, smoke, and odors out of the air. Cleans both interior circulated air and that coming from the outside. airflow: The passage of air which moves around an object (esp. a vehicle) or through an air duct (e.g., ventilation system or exhaust system). airflow sensor: A device in an electronically controlled fuel injection system which detects the amount of air entering the combustion chambers. By means of a flap it controls the amount of air required. Some are also combined with a temperature sensor.
air fuel: See air-fuel ratio. air fuel ratio: See air-fuel ratio. air-fuel ratio: (A/F ratio) The mass of air supplied to the engine divided by the mass of fuel supplied in the same period of time. The stoichiometric, or chemically correct, air-fuel ratio is the exact ratio necessary to burn all the carbon and hydrogen in the fuel to carbon dioxide and water with no oxygen remaining. The fuel-air ratio is the reciprocal of the air-fuel ratio. air gap: [1] Usually found on regulators, it is the distance between the contact armature and the iron core that when magnetized, draws the armature down. [2] It is also the distance between the two electrodes of a spark plug. air gulp system: A system in vehicles with secondary air injection or induction, which prevents an very rich mixture of air-fuel from entering the inlet manifold during deceleration. If it did enter, unburned fuel would be forced over the hot exhaust system causing backfiring (i.e., uncontrolled detonation). The air gulp system prevents this condition by allowing a quantity of air to combine with the rich mixture in the inlet manifold. air gulp valve: A diverter valve which adds an amount of air to the rich air-fuel mixture entering the intake manifold during deceleration. air hold fitting: A tool which uses air pressure to keep the valves closed when working on an OHV engine. The device is screwed into the spark plug holes and air pressure keeps the valves from dropping down. In this way the valve seal or valve spring can be replaced without removing the cylinder head.
air induction: See air injection. air injection: A system that injects fresh air into the exhaust ports or a thermal reactor, for additional conversion of carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide and combustion of unburned hydrocarbons (unburned fuel vapors) found in the exhaust gases as it comes in contact with the high heat in the exhaust manifold. Also called "air induction." air injection manifold: The duct inside the cylinder head or the tube outside the cylinder head feeding secondary air into the exhaust ports. air injection reaction: See air Injection Reaction system. air injection reaction system: (AIR system) The AIR system helps to reduce hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide levels in the exhaust by injecting air into the exhaust ports of each cylinder during cold engine operation, or directly into the catalytic converter during normal operation. It also helps the catalytic converter to reach proper operating temperature quickly during warm-up. If a GM cars has an air pump, the system is an AIR otherwise it is a PULSAIR system. air intake: The opening through which air enters a component such as the carburetor, fuel injection system, radiator, heating system, or ventilation system. airless spraying: A paint spraying process where the coating material (i.e., paint) is not atomized by a stream of air. Instead, it is subjected to high pressure and forced through a narrow jet or nozzle which causes it to be atomized. airless spray gun: A paint spraying tool used in airless spraying. air line: [1] A pipe, hose, or duct in a vehicle which permits the flow of air or vacuum. [2] The supply line coming from an air compression tank to drive air tools or inflate tires. air lock: A bubble of air trapped in a fluid circuit which interferes with normal circulation of the fluid. air micrometer: A control in a paint spray gun which adjusts the amount of air. air outlet: The vent or opening where the passage of air exits -- especially in systems for air conditioning, ventilation, and defrosting as air enters the passenger compartment or flows out of the compartment. air pollution: Contamination of the earth's atmosphere by various natural and man-made pollutants such as smoke, gases, dust, etc. air pressure: [1] The atmospheric pressure. [2] Tire pressure. [3] The force of air coming from a compressor used to power air tools or apply air brakes.
air ratio: The ratio of actual intake air volume to the air volume theoretically needed for complete combustion of a particular amount of the fuel. This ratio is represented by the Greek letter lambda (which looks like the letter "y" upside-down). Air receiver: An air tank which holds the compressed air created by a compressor. air resistance: The resistance of the air to forward movement, sometimes called "aerodynamic drag." This is a factor of the shape of the vehicle, the objects which stick out (i.e., mirrors, mufflers, bumpers), the amount of turbulence at the rear of the vehicle, the nature of the vehicle's skin surface, and the amount of air going through the vehicle for cooling and ventilation. The faster you go, the greater the air friction (air friction = velocity x velocity). The faster you go, the greater the amount of power needed to overcome this drag (power= velocity x velocity x velocity).
airscoop: See air scoop. air select valve: A valve in a two-stage catalytic converter with secondary air injection. It is operated by a solenoid and is triggered by the electronic control module. It directs air to the exhaust valve ports or to the midbed catalytic converter, depending on operating conditions. air sensor: A device which checks for the presence of air pollutants entering the passenger compartment. If the pollutant concentration is too high, it operates flaps to cut off the external air to the air conditioning system. air shield: British term for air deflector. air shock absorber: A shock absorber or damper which has a rubber bladder filled with compressed air. As the air pressure increases the vehicle is raised. The system is used in automatic levelling suspensions. air silencer: A device which is placed in the air cleaner assembly to reduce the sucking noise that air makes as it enters. air spring: See air bellows and air suspension. air springing: See air suspension. air stop: A registered trademark for Michelin tubes.
AIR system: See air injection reaction system. air tank: An air container which holds the compressed air created by a compressor. air tool: A tool such as an impact driver or drill which is powered not by electricity, but by air pressure coming from an air compressor. air transformer: A device which is placed between the compressor and a paint spray gun to provide clean spraying air and to regulate the oil pressure. air valve carburetor: See air-valve carburetor. air-valve carburetor: A type in which a spring-closed or weight-closed air valve opens in response to engine demand. This valve, through suitable linkage, varies the fuel-orifice opening to secure the desired mixture ratio throughout the range of operation. SU and Stromberg CD carburetors operate on this principle, referred to also as constant-vacuum, constant-depression or variable-venturi. air volume: the amount of air Al: Abbreviation for "aluminum." ALAP: Acronym for "As Low As Possible." ALARA: Acronym for "As Low As Reasonably Achievable" alarm: A warning sound made by a security or safety device to warn off thieves, alert the driver to take some preventative measures (e.g., secure the seat belts), or warn those around the vehicle (e.g., backup warning alarm). alarm system: A theft protection system which may do one or more of the following: sound the horn or an auxiliary siren, flash the lights, lock the hood and trunk, make the ignition inoperative, put the engine in a "limp home" mode (i.e., greatly reduce speed), notify the police, and alert the vehicle owner. alarmed: protected by an alarm system alcohol: [1] A substance used as fuel. See methanol. [2] A beverage which impairs a driver's skill in operating a vehicle safely. Although the law has set down limits of the amount of alcohol allowable in the bloodstream before a person is considered drunk, the effects of the slightest amount of alcohol can impair one's driving skill. Alfa-Romeo: The following models are classic cars:
Alfa Romeo: The following models are classic cars:
Alfin: A trade name to describe the bonding of a steel piece with a light alloy that has fins. The fins help to dissipate the heat. For instance a steel brake drum produces a lot of heat in the braking process (and thus reduces the effective braking ability) so an alloy heat sink is bonded to the drum to bleed off the heat. Also see Alfin process. Alfin process: A procedure developed by the Fairchild Engine and Airplane Corporation to secure light alloy to steel. al fresco driving: Driving in a convertible with the top down. align: [1] Process of bringing two or more items into mating conjunction so that all the bolt holes and locating pins fit properly. [2] Process of adjusting the wheels and other devices so that they are in a straight line. aligner: See wheel aligner. aligning punch: A tool shaped like a thin rod used to make sure holes line up when assembling two or more components. Especially used on items which may move to one side before the other side can be aligned or another component installed or when the gasket is likely to slip out of place. alignment: [1] When referring to wheel alignment, it is the proper adjustment of a vehicle's front or rear suspension for camber, toe-in, toe-out, kingpin inclination or steering axis inclination, and turning radius or toe-out on turns, caster, and ride height. Four-wheel alignment is necessary for front-wheel drive vehicles. [2] The adjustment of two objects to bring them into the proper relation to each other. alkaline battery: A storage battery which uses an alkaline electrolyte (dilute potassium hydroxide). alkaline degreasing: A process of removing an oily or greasy substance with the use of an alkaline solution. Often used in preparing a surface for painting. all-alloy engine: An engine which uses a light alloy for the block, crankcase, sump, and cylinder head. all-aluminum body: A body shell which is mostly made of aluminum. Allard: The 1946-56 Series J2, K2, K3 models are milestone cars. all electronic ignition: See breakerless. all-electronic ignition: See breakerless. Allen key: See Allen wrench. Allen screw: A fastening device (either a wood screw type or bolt threads) with a recessed hexagon hole in the head. all-enveloping body: A modern passenger car body style in which the fenders, headlamps, and radiator grille are one smooth body line. It contrasts with the style before World War II where the fenders and headlights were separate from the main body. Allen wrench: An rod with six sides and often L-shaped. Used to remove certain screws and fastenings, especially set screws. Sometimes called "hex wrenches" or "Allen key." alligator clip: A small spring clip which is "X-shaped." As you squeeze the two "legs" of the clip, the other two jaws (usually serrated) open. Used to make temporary electrical connections. Larger ones are used at the ends of jumper cables. The British call it a "crocodile clip." all-out braking: A situation where the driver uses the maximum braking effort possible. Although this seems to be the best way to stop a vehicle, in fact it may not because there may be the tendency to swerve or the brakes may overheat and lose effectiveness. It is better to pump the brakes (if ABS is not available) to control steering and get maximum braking. alloy: A mixture of two or more elements, especially where one is aluminum. alloying: the addition of one or more elements to a pure metal to alter the pure metal's properties such as strength, elongation, weight reduction, etc. alloy piston: A piston made primarily of aluminum. alloys: colloquial term for alloy wheels. alloy wheel: A generic term used to describe any non-steel road wheel. The usual alloys are either aluminum or magnesium; the latter material led to the common usage of the term "mag wheel," often referring to any non-steel wheel. all-steel body: A vehicle body shell which is made entirely of steel rather than one with a wooden frame with steel panels or steel frame with aluminum panels. all terrain: for use on any kind of ground surface (not on lakes or ocean, though) all terrain bike: (ATB) A bicycle with straight handlebars, sturdy fat tires, and wide-range gearing designed for off-road use. Also called "mountain bike." all-terrain bike: (ATB) A bicycle with straight handlebars, sturdy fat tires, and wide-range gearing designed for off-road use. Also called "mountain bike." all terrain tire: A tire which has a number of lugs or knobs used to propel the vehicle over rough surfaces. all terrain vehicle: A vehicle used in rough surface conditions. Also called "off-road vehicle." all-weather tire: A tire that can be used on roads that are bare or covered with rain, snow, or ice. all wheel drive: See all-wheel drive. all-wheel drive: (AWD) A variation of four-wheel drive (4WD) designed to improve on-road traction in unfavorable road conditions or for ultra high performance driving. All-Wheel Drive (AWD) reduces wheel slippage and provides greater driver control over the vehicle. AWD usually does not require the driver to actively engage the system and does not have a low range. AWD automatically splits engine torque between the front and rear wheels as needed. All-Wheel Drive is generally an on-road system and is not designed for off-road use. all-wheel steering: See four-wheel steering. alnico magnet: A magnet using (Al) aluminum, (Ni) nickel, and (Co) cobalt in its construction. alpine gearing: A gearing system in which a shift between chainwheels on a bicycle is equivalent to one-and-a-half shifts on the freewheel. alternating current: (AC) An electric current that first flows one way in the circuit and then the other. This is the type used in homes. It contrasts with direct current. alternator: (ALT) A device which produces alternating current (AC) by converting the engine's turning (mechanical) energy into alternating electrical current at all engine speeds. The AC must be rectified (converted from AC to DC) before reaching the vehicle's electrical system. The alternator is driven by a belt at the front of the engine. Alternators replaced the direct-current (DC) generators used up to the 1960's because they were less efficient especially at idle. The electrically demanding options like air conditioning forced the use of alternators over generators. altimeter: An instrument to reveal the height (or barometric pressure) above sea level. alum.: Abbreviation for "aluminum." alumina: A form of aluminum oxide used as a substrate for ceramic catalysts. : Tiny beads of alumina used in some catalytic converters aluminum: (Al or Alum) A metal which is used in cars because of its lightness. In pure form, it does not have the strength of the same size of iron. Thus vehicle manufacturers use aluminum in an alloy form to produce body panels, wheels, engine blocks, transmission housings, differential housings, and even frames. British spelling adds an "i" near the end of the word: "aluminium" and pronounces it al-you-MIN-ee-um instead of ah-LOO-min-um. aluminum alloy: A metal which is formed from aluminum and another metal. aluminum oxide: A metallic abrasive used to manufacture sandpaper and sanding discs. aluminum wheel: See alloy wheel. aluminized: Something that is coated with aluminum or aluminum paint. Alvis: The Speed 20, 25, and 4.3 litre models for 1925-48 are classic cars. AM: amplitude modulation. ambient air: Air outside and surrounding the vehicle ambient temperature: The surrounding air temperature. ambient temperature switch: A control device in an air conditioning system which delays the compressor action when the outside temperature is low. ambulance: A vehicle designed for carrying sick or injured people. AMC: Acronym for "American Motors Corp" an organization which merged with Chrysler Corporation. American Automobile Labelling Act: (AALA) regulations requiring vehicle manufacturers to include content information on vehicle labels for cars and trucks for sale in the U.S. after October 1, 1994. American Motors: The 1968-70 AMX models are milestone cars. AM/FM: A radio capable of receiving amplitude modulation (AM) and frequency modulation (FM) signals. AMIA: Acronym for "Asocicion Mexicana de la Industria Automotriz" Amilcar: The 1925-1948 Supercharged Sports models with required application are classic cars. ammeter: An instrument used to measure the rate of electrical current flow in amperes. amp: Abbreviation for "ampere." amperage: The strength of an electric current in amperes amperage rating: The strength of an electric current in amperes ampere: (amp) A unit of measurement used in expressing the rate of electrical current flow in a circuit. It is determined by dividing the voltage by the resistance. ampere-hour: Measurement of the ability of a battery to deliver a stated amount of current for a stated period of time. The higher the amp/hr. rating, the more powerful the battery. ampere hour capacity: A measurement of storage battery ability to deliver a specified current over a specified length of time. amp/hr. rating: Measurement of the ability of a battery to deliver a stated amount of current for a stated period of time. The higher the amp/hr. rating, the more powerful the battery. amplifier: A device used to produce a larger electrical signal such as the radio signal. Most radios have a built-in amplifier; but a few have a separate amplifier which is sometimes located in the trunk. amplitude modulation: (AM) A type of radio wave in which the amplitude changes rather than the frequency. See frequency modulation.
AMVIR: Acronym for "Association of Motor Vehicle Importers Representatives" (Greece) analog: A display which uses a dial rather than a read-out of numbers (digital). analog cluster: An instrument panel display using dials. Opposite to electronic cluster. analog speedometer: A speedometer which shows the speed by a needle on the dial of a gauge. It contrasts with a digital speedometer analogue cluster: See analog cluster. analyzer: A device for evaluating something. See exhaust-gas analyzer and engine analyzer. ANC: Acronym for "at no extra cost" anchor: A securing device. See brake anchor. anchorage: The point where something is attached -- such as where the seat-belt is attached to the frame anchor bolt: The bolt which goes through a bracket to secure something. British term is "through bolt." ancillaries: The various components attached to the main part of the engine and driven by the engine itself -- such as the alternator, generator, power steering pump, supercharger, fuel pump, and water pump aneroid-type thermostat: An older style thermostat located in the engine coolant system. It has a metal expandable bulb partially filled with acetone, alcohol, or another volatile liquid. As the coolant reaches operating temperature, the liquid in the bulb will boil and expand the bulb, closing the valve to allow coolant to the radiator. ANFAC: Acronym for "Asociacion Espanola de Fabricantes de Automoviles y Camiones" (Spain) ANFAVEA: Acronym for " Associação Nacional de Veículos Automotores" (Brazil) ANFIA: Acronym for "Associazione Nazionale Fra Industrie Automobilistiche" (Italy) angle: See dwell, steering knuckle angle, front triangle, rear triangle, rake, shallow angle, slip angle, steep angle, triangle-split system. angle grinder: A power tool (driven by electricity or compressed air) which has abrasive discs. The tool helps to remove old paint or rough metal surface angle-nose pliers: A pair of pliers with long jaws that are bent at right angles to aid in gripping something which cannot be reached with regular pliers. angle of lock: The angle between the line through the center of the wheel seen from above when turning a corner and the same line when going straight. angle parking: A system of parking on the side of the street where the car is about 45 degrees from parallel with the edge of the street. The British term is "echelon parking" angle screwdriver: A tool that is shaped like the letter "L" and has a blade at either end. angular motion: See rotation. angular vibration: Side to side movement or shimmy of a tire. See dynamic balance. anisotropy: Something that has different mechanical properties when measured in different directions anneal: To remove hardness from metal by heating, usually to a red color, then allowing it to cool slowly. Unlike steel, copper is annealed by heating, and then plunging it into cold water. It is the reverse of hardening. annealing furnace: An oven or furnace with controllable atmosphere in which metal is annealed. annular: Something in the form of a ring. annular gap: Something in a circular gap. annulus: A hollow gear which is in the form of a ring with internal teeth. See epicyclic gearbox. anode: In an electrical circuit it is the positive pole. It is that part of an electrical circuit to which electrons are flowing. anodic coating: A protective, decorative, or functional coating which is formed in the anodizing process. Also called anodic film or anodic oxide layer. anodic film: See anodic coating. anodic oxide layer: See anodic coating. anodize: By electrolytic action, this is the process of coating or plating a metal (usually aluminum) with a protective material such as chrome. anodizing: The process by which a hard, non-corroding oxide layer is deposited on aluminum anodizing bath: A tub in which the anodizing process is performed. anodizing tank: A tub in which the anodizing process is performed. ANS: Acronym for "anti-noise system" ANSI: Acronym for "American National Standards Institute" antenna: A device which pulls in radio reception. A power antenna automatically rises when the radio is turned on and lowers when it is shut off. Some cars had the antenna wires imbedded in the windshield. Also called "aerial." antibackfire valve: See anti-backfire valve. anti-backfire valve: Valve used in air injection reaction (exhaust emission control) system to prevent backfiring during the period immediately following sudden deceleration by diverting the air coming from the air pump away from the exhaust ports. Otherwise the exhaust gases which contain unburned gasoline could mix with fresh air and cause unwanted backfiring. anti-chip coating: A resilient coat of "paint" between the primer and the top coat to protect the body shell from chipping damage caused by gravel or stones anti-corrosion: A substance used to protect against rust anti-corrosion warranty: Manufacturers usually state that all body sheet metal components are warranted against rust-through corrosion for 6 years or 160,000 kilometers (100,000 miles), whichever comes first. anti-corrosive: that which prevents or limits corrosion anti-dazzle mirror: A mirror that can be set to reduce the glare of the lights from a vehicle following your vehicle. See dimming mirror antidive: See anti-dive system. anti-dive: See anti-dive system. anti-dive system: dive is the action of the front of the vehicle to point downward during braking. The suspension in cars is designed to remove this tendency. anti-drum compound: A sticky material which is applied to the inside of panels to reduce the noise caused by vibration or "drumming" antifreeze: A chemical (usually ethylene glycol) added to the cooling system to prevent the coolant from freezing in cold weather. It also inhibits the formation of rust and other deposits which may clog the radiator and other cooling passageways. Its resistance to freezing is better with a mix of 50:50 with water than 100% antifreeze. anti-friction bearing: See antifriction bearing.
anti-knock additive: See anti-knock agent. antiknock agent: See anti-knock agent. anti-knock agent: A substance like tetraethyl lead which is added to gasoline to raise the octane number and reduce the gasoline's tendency to detonate, knock, or ping. In unleaded gasoline, tetraethyl lead is not used because of its environmental danger. anti-knock agents: See anti-knock agent. anti-knock index: The measure of the anti-knock properties of a brand and type of gasoline. It is defined as half the sum of the research octane number (RON) and motor octane number (MON) antilift: See anti-lift. anti-lift: Lift is the action of the rear end of the vehicle to rise during braking. The suspension in cars is designed to remove this tendency. antilock brake: (ABS) See anti-lock brake system. anti-lock brake: (ABS) See anti-lock brake system. anti-lock brake system: (ABS) Sometimes called "anti-skid brakes." A device which senses that one or more of the wheels are locking up during braking. It is controlled by both mechanical and electronic components. When you apply the brakes, the ABS will regulate the flow of brake fluid being delivered to the brake calipers. It must be remembered that a wheel cannot be steered unless it is rolling; so if the wheel is locked up, there is no steering control. By the use of electronic computers, the brakes rapidly alternate (at a rate of 30 times per second) from full pressure to full release. This process will also alternate from the left-front wheel and the right-rear wheel and switch to the right-front wheel and left-rear wheel. In this way both maximum braking and maximum steering control is allowed during braking. Before the advent of ABS, drivers were advised to pump the brakes to maintain the same effect. However, the human foot cannot pump the brakes faster than the computer control. Also, steady application of the brakes without ABS may cause brake failure (brake fade) because of the excess heat. Never pump the brakes if you have ABS. When you firmly apply the brakes with ABS, you may feel a pulsing sensation and hear a banging noise. anti-lock braking system: See anti-lock brake system anti-noise system: (ANS) A noise counteraction system. This is a sophisticated system which has a number of small microphones placed around the vehicle to detect driving noises. A computer microprocessor analyzes these noises and generates matching counter-frequencies which are sent to small speakers located in the passenger compartment. In this way the road noises are cancelled or erased. anti-ozone compound: See ozone compound. antipercolation valve: See anti-percolation valve. anti-percolation valve: A device for venting vapors from the main discharge tube, or the well, of a carburetor. The vented vapors are not released into the atmosphere, but rerouted into an evaporative emission canister where they are stored until the next time the vehicle is started. Thus it provides a richer mixture needed for starting. Also see percolation. anti-rattle spring: A component in disc brakes shaped like the letter "X" and made of spring steel. It applies radial pressure to the brake pads to prevent rattling. Also called "spreader spring" antiroll bar: See anti-roll bar.
antiroll device: See brake anti-roll device. anti-roll device: See brake anti-roll device. anti-rust treatment: See rustproofing. antiscuffing: The ability of a precision insert bearing to resist scuffing or scratching the shaft journal in the event that the oil surface skin is destroyed. antiskid: See anti-skid. anti-skid: (ASBS) A computer controlled automotive device which senses when one or more of the wheels are locking up during braking. It eases up on the amount of hydraulic pressure to that wheel. It must be remembered that a wheel cannot be steered unless it is rolling; so if the wheel is locked up, there is no steering control. By the use of electronic computers, the brakes rapidly alternate from full power to none so that both maximum braking and maximum steering control is allowed. If you jam on the brakes, you will feel a pulsing sensation. Sometimes called "anti-lock brakes." anti-spin regulation: (ASR) The control or prevention of wheelspin under power, normally by means of electronic sensing and in conjunction with anti-lock brakes. anti-spin regulation traction control system: (ASC) The system which prevents wheelspin. See anti-spin regulation. anti-spray flap: See mudflap antisquat: See anti-squat system. anti-squat: See anti-squat system. anti-squat system: squat is the action of the rear end of the vehicle to point downward during hard acceleration. The suspension in cars is designed to remove this tendency. Contrasts with anti-dive system anti-squeal shim: A shim (metal plate) placed behind the brake piston or the brake pad to reduce noise when the brakes are applied. anti-sway bar: See anti-roll bar anti-theft system: Any device (mechanical or electrical) which tends to reduce the theft of a vehicle. It may involve an alarm system, ignition lockouts, steering locks, steering wheel locks, transmission locks, and/or wheel locks anti-tipper: An arm, usually with a small wheel attached at the outer end, which is secured to the back of a wheelchair to prevent the chair from falling on its back and thereby injuring the patient. anti-vibration mounting: Because the engine, transmission, differential, and other components tend to vibrate when in motion, noise increases and there is possible wear at the points of contact with the frame members. Rubber blocks are used to cushion the vibration at the mounting points. anvil: [1] A heavy iron block on which something is placed for forging or hammering. [2] The lower wheel of a wheeling machine which shapes metals. A-panel: The side panel used to fill the gap between the rear edge of the front fender and the front edge of the doors. APEC: See "Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation." aperture panel: A large side panel of a vehicle making up the rear fender, door frame, and side window frame apex: The top of a triangle. In racing, it is the point or area closest to the inner corner.
API: Acronym for "American Petroleum Institute," the organization that classifies oil. APIA: Acronym for "Association of Automotive Manufacturers and Importers" (Romania). A pillar: See A-post.
Apollo: The 1963-66 models are milestone cars. A post: See A-post.
appliance: British term for a fire engine application: [1] the use to which something is put. [2] the process of putting something on something else. applicator: A tool for putting something on something else, e.g., a spreader or brush apply: To put something on something else apron: [1] The paved area directly below the racing surface that separates the track from the infield. [2] The panel under the vehicle's doors or the panel acting as an air dam at the front of a vehicle [3] A kick panel. AQL: Acronym for acceptable quality level aquaplaning: Also called "hydroplaning." A dangerous tendency for a tire to ride on a thin film of water, thus creating a loss of driver control until tire contact with the road surface returns. aquatread: A tread pattern of a tire designed to dissipate water lying on the road and provide good traction in the rain. aqueous solution: A water-based solution arbor: A rotating shaft in a lathe or drill arc: [1] The discharge of electric current across a gap of two electrodes. The term given to the flow of electricity through a gaseous space or air gap. [2] A welding term referring to the flow of electricity through the air which produces high temperatures. arc blow: A welding term referring to the tendency for an arc to wander or whip from its normal course during arc welding. It is caused by magnetic changes. arc cutting: A welding term referring to making a kerf in a metal using the energy of an electric arc arch: See wheel arch arcing: [1] The action of electricity when it leaps the gap between two electrodes. Usually causes premature wear of breaker points. [2] A faulty paint spraying technique where the spray gun is not moved along the panel surface at a uniform distance. Instead it is moved toward the panel when starting and moved away toward the end of the panel. The result of this technique is an uneven application of paint. arc voltage: The electrical potential (pressure or voltage) across the arc arc welding: Welding by using an electric current to melt both the metal to be welded and the welding rod or electrode that is being added. arm: A part attached to or projecting from something. See a-arm, ball joint rocker arm, breaker arm, control arm, crankarm, high lift rocker arms, idler arm, leading arm, long and short arm suspension, pitman arm, rocker arm, semi-trailing arm, stay, steering arm, throttle arm, trailing arm, and transverse arm. armature: [1] In a relay, regulator, horn, etc., it is the movable part of the unit. [2] In a starter or generator, it is the portion that revolves between the pole shoes, made up of wire windings of copper on an iron core or axle. When it revolves, an electric current is induced. armature brake: A mechanical or electrical component in a starter used to stop the armature movement after the starter motor has been switched off. armature shaft: The primary shaft on which the armature is mounted in a starter or generator. armor-plated: panels and glass that are extra thick to be bullet-proof. armour-plated: panels and glass that are extra thick to be bullet-proof. armrest: A projection upon which the occupants can rest or support their arms. Usually located on the door panel and sometimes in the center of the front seats or the center of the rear seat. armstrong: A colloquial term for manual steering. Without power assist, steering will need a strong arm, thus the name. Armstrong-Siddeley: The 1925-1948 models with required application are classic cars. Arnolt: See Arnolt Bristol. Arnolt Bristol: The 1952-62 models are milestone cars. arrester: A device which prevents a certain action. For example, a spark arrester is a special pipe mounted in the end of the exhaust pipe which prevents any burning gasses from coming out with the possible danger of igniting any combustibles in the area (i.e., setting the forest on fire). articulated: Jointed. An articulated rod is made of two sections with a moveable joint which permits its shape to go from perfectly straight to right angle. See articulated bus and articulated truck articulated bus: A large bus with an accordion-like section in the middle of the body which allows the bus to turn sharply around corners as it articulates at that part of the bus. articulated truck: A large truck with two sections to allow it to turn sharply around corners. asbestos: A heat resistant and non-burning fibrous mineral widely used for brake shoes, clutch linings, etc. asbestos-free: Something that has no asbestos -- especially brake and clutch linings ASBS: See anti-skid braking system. ASC: See anti-spin regulation. ascending stroke: See up-stroke : See automatic slip-control differential ASEAN: Association of South East Asian Nations. ash frame: A frame of a car made of wood from the ash tree and covered with aluminum panels. ashtray: A device for holding cigarette ashes. Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation: (APEC) An organization established in 1989 to promote trade and investment in the Pacific Basin. APEC now comprises eighteen countries located in and around the Pacific Ocean: Australia, Brunei, Canada, Chile, China, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, and the United States. ASME: Acronym for "American Society of Mechanical Engineers." aspect ratio: [1] The relationship in a tire or wheel between the distance from the rim to the tread and the tire's width (i.e., ratio of section height to section width). Thus, in a P185/80R13 tire, 80 is the aspect ratio, showing the height is 80% of the width. A lower aspect ratio describes a shorter, wider tire. [2] In a wing, it is the relationship of its span (horizontal length) to its chord (height). Also see ULP. aspiration: The process of sucking or inhaling the air-fuel mixture into a combustion engine. aspirator valve: A check valve in an air injection system ASR: See anti-spin regulation assemble: The action of putting something together from a number of component parts assembly: The finished union of a number of parts to make a component assembly line: The production line where a vehicle is put together from its component parts. Often one team will work on just the engine of each vehicle while another team works on another part, etc. Association of South East Asian Nations: (ASEAN) An organization of states (including Brunei, Myanmar, Burma, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam) founded in 1967 to present an united front that addresses the political, economic, and strategic dynamics of the region. assy: Abbreviation for assembly. ASTM: Acronym for American Society for Testing and Materials Aston-Martin: The 1927-1939 models with application and all others from 1925-48 are classic cars. Aston Martin: The 1948-63 models are milestone cars. All the DB4, DB5, DB6 from 1964-67 are milestone cars. asymmetric: A pattern in which one side does not correspond to the other side. asymmetrical: A pattern in which one side does not correspond to the other side. asymmetrical beam: A headlight system in which one beam is of greater intensity than the other. asymmetrical power distribution: A system in a four-wheel vehicle in which more power is transmitted to the front wheels than the rear wheels or more to the rear wheels than the front wheels
asymmetric rim: A wheel rim where the well is located outside the centerline of the wheel. Opposite of symmetric rim ATB: See all-terrain bike. ATC: Acronym for automatic temperature control ATDC: See after top dead center. ATE: Acronym for automatic test equipment ATF: See: automatic Transmission Fluid and transmission fluid. atmospheric corrosion: A gradual oxidation of metal as a result of acid rain and other corrosive substances in our polluted air. atmospheric pressure: Pressure or weight exerted by the atmosphere on all things exposed to it. At sea level it is about 1 kg. per square centimetre or 14.72 pounds per square inch (psi). atom: A tiny particle of matter made up of electrons, protons and neutrons. Atoms or combinations of atoms make up molecules. The electrons orbit around the center or nucleus made up of the protons and neutrons. atomic arc welding: Welding using heat created by hydrogen atoms, created by an electric arc recombining to form hydrogen molecules. The heat is used to weld delicate joints, and the hydrogen forms a shield over the weld. atomize: The extent to which a spray gun breaks up paint into a fine mist, fog, or spray. atomizer: A device for producing a fine spray such as used on a paint spray gun. atomizing pressure: The pressure needed to atomize a liquid like paint. atramentizing: A corrosion protection process in which steel is coated with phosphate using a zinc phosphate solution at 90° C (194° F). attachment: A fitting or accessory to be used in conjunction with a tool, such as a grinding disc for use with an electric drill. attack: [1] Chemical corrosion of metal. [2] To damage something by corrosion. attack angle: The angle of the rear spoiler where it is most effective against lift. attendant parking: Parking which is left to a valet and supervised by an attendant attenuation: A reduction of noise or emission attrition: A process of wearing out an object by friction. ATV: Acronym for "All Terrain Vehicle." Auburn: All 8 and 12-cylinder models from 1925-1948 are classic cars. Austin Healey: The 100-6 models from 1956-59 are milestone cars. The 3000 models from 1959-67 are milestone cars. The 100/100M model from 1953-56 are milestone cars. Austro-Daimler: The 1925-1948 models are classic cars. authorized dealer: A company which sells and services a particular brand of vehicle and is appointed or recommended by a manufacturer. auto: [1] Abbreviation for automatic transmission. [2] Abbreviation for automobile auto bonnet: A British term for a car cover autochoke: A term for automatic choke autoclave: A sealable high-pressure container used for polymerization and in tire production autocross: A timed competition of low-to-medium speed driving, with one driver at a time navigating a small course defined by traffic cones. Drivers compete against one another for the fastest timed lap (sometimes multiple laps) through the course. autocycle: An obsolete moped which is a form of a light motorcycle with a small engine that uses pedals to start the engine and provide some extra help getting up hills. auto dealer: a retail outlet that carries one (or in some cases in the U.S., a number of) manufacturer's product line and sells to general consumers and fleet operators. The outlet will also provide service and sell parts for the brand of vehicle that it carries. In some instances, a dealer may dual for another manufacturer's product line. autodealership: a retail outlet that carries one (or in some cases in the U.S., a number of) manufacturer's product line and sells to general consumers and fleet operators. The outlet will also provide service and sell parts for the brand of vehicle that it carries. In some instances, a dealer may dual for another manufacturer's product line. auto graveyard: An auto wrecker where a large number of older or disabled cars and trucks are located. autoignition: The rapid burning of the air-fuel mixture as a result of a flame or hot surface, not from a spark plug. autojumble: A British term for a "swap meet" where parts for old cars are displayed for sale in various stalls. automated guided vehicle system: (AGVS) Vehicles equipped with automatic guidance equipment which follow a prescribed path, stopping at each machining or assembly station for manual loading and unloading of parts. automatic: [1] Colloquial term for automatic transmission. [2] Anything that operates without the direct control of the driver. See automatic choke, automatic gearbox, automatic level control, automatic temperature control, automatic transmission, automatic transmission fluid. automatic advance: A mechanism which adjusts the ignition advance by means of centrifugal weights or by a diaphragm controlled by intake manifold vacuum automatic air-conditioning: An air-conditioning system which automatically maintains a preset temperature. See automatic temperature control automatic air-recirculation system: A heating and ventilation system which automatically switches to the recirculation mode when the pollutant levels of the air inside the vehicle exceed certain levels; but after a certain period of recirculation, opens the intake air doors again to let some fresh air in, even if its quality is still questionable. automatic car wash: See car wash
automatic closing system: A system which automatically closes the doors, windows, sunroof, trunk, and hood. automatic frequency control: FM stations tend to drift a little, so radios have incorporated the frequency control to automatically maintain the desired frequency automatic gearbox: See automatic transmission. automatic level control: A component of the suspension which raises or lowers either (or both) the front or rear of the vehicle when there is a change in the amount of load in the vehicle. automatic muting: An automobile radio which cancels noise output when you turn the station dial. automatic seat belt: See inertia reel seat belt automatic slip-control differential: (ASD) An electronically controlled, automatic locking differential developed by Mercedes-Benz automatic speed control: See cruise control automatic temperature control: A system which regulates the heater and air conditioner so that the temperature inside the vehicle meets the preset temperature. automatic test equipment: (ATE) An electronic equipment for testing ignition, wiring, fuel injection systems, etc.
automatic transmission fluid: (ATF) A very thin viscosity liquid designed for use in automatic transmissions to transfer the movement of the torque converter to the driveshaft. However it is also recommended for use in the forks of motorcycles. When poured into the throat of an automobile carburetor, it helps to remove a build-up of carbon on the cylinder head and the domes of pistons. automatic volume control: (AVC) An automobile radio which automatically limits the maximum volume to a preset level. automatic wear adjuster: A device that automatically compensates for the wear of brakes or clutch automatic welding: Welding in which the work, the torch, and/or the arc is mechanically moved and controls are used to control the speed and/or the direction of travel. automatic wire stripper: A tool which removes the outer insulation from a wire by automatically adjusting to the size of the wire thus avoiding damaging the wires. automobile: four-wheeled passenger motor vehicle having a seating capacity for not more than 10 people. It includes police cars and racing cars but not ambulances, hearses, or trucks. In Britain, the word "automobile" is not in frequent use and has been replaced by "motor car." automobile association: A motoring club which provides assistance to drivers including insurance, maps, travel arrangements, etc. See AA and AAA automobile engineering: See automotive engineering automobile industry: The manufacturing industry for building automobiles. also called "motor industry" automobile manufacturer: An company which designs, builds, and distributes cars and trucks. Also called "motor manufacturer" automobile mechanic: An individual who repairs and maintains cars and trucks. Also called (especially in Britain) "motor mechanic" automobile polish: A wax or synthetic which is designed to give a glossy, protective finish to a painted surface. Also called "car polish." automotive: Relating to or occurring in automobiles automotive adhesive: A glue used in the manufacturing of automobiles. automotive electrician: An individual who works with designing the electrical system for automobiles automotive electronics: The use of electronic equipment in automobiles automotive emissions: All the different types of fumes that are expelled into the atmosphere (exhaust gas, fuel fumes, crankcase fumes) as well as the noise it makes. automotive engineering: The design and construction of automobiles automotive tool: Any of the tools used in the construction, maintenance, or repair of automobiles Auto Pact base year: With respect to the Auto Pact, the 12 month period beginning on August 1, 1963, and ending on July 31, 1964. Auto Pact Canadian value added: the aggregate of the costs of parts, material, labour costs, and transportation costs that are reasonably attributed to the production of vehicles or parts by manufacturers producing vehicles in Canada. Autopar: Trade name of Chrysler Corp for its automobile parts (i.e., AUTOmobilePARts). Chrysler also uses the name Mopar to indicate its motor parts (i.e., MOtorPARts). auto parts store: jobber and retail auto parts stores which primarily sell automotive products and conduct business at the retail level. auto reverse: A feature on a cassette player which will automatically play the next side of a cassette tape when one side is finished. autostick: A trademark name for a form of semi-automatic transmission. It combines an automatic transmission with the gear-shifting feature of a manual transmission without the use of a foot-operated clutch. In the normal automatic transmission drive mode, the transmission behaves like any other automatic. The manual-shifting feature allows more control over the full range of rpms an engine offers. Porsche and Audi offer a related transmission technology called "Tiptronic." The Lexus GS400 also has a similar transmission but instead of using a stick to change gears it employs buttons on the steering wheel. Several other automakers offer similar technologies. autothermic piston: An aluminum piston in which steel or alloy inserts are cast to control expansion of the piston skirt. auto wrecker: A place where old and disabled cars and truck go. The parts are removed and sold. Also called an "auto graveyard" AUX: Abbreviation for "auxiliary" usually indicating those terminals on the fuse panel for non-standard equipment auxiliary: additionally, supplementary auxiliary brake light: additional brake lights mounted at eye level in the rear window or on the rear fenders. They are designed to give a following vehicle more notice of your presence and intention of stopping auxiliary drive shaft: A secondary drive shaft which powers the fuel pump, water pump, or distributor auxiliary driving lamp: A light which supplements the headlights such as a fog light or spot light auxiliary driving light: A light which supplements the headlamps such as a fog light or spot light auxiliary gearbox: An extra gearbox used in conjunction with the main (manual) gearbox to provide an additional range of speeds. auxiliary leaf: An extra leaf in a set of leaf springs. Also called "helper leaf" or "helper spring" auxiliary lighting: Extra lighting such as fog lights, spot light, and driving lights which are intended to improve visibility under adverse conditions. auxiliary transmission: Additional gear box increasing the gear ratio combinations when used with main transmission or multi-speed axles. AVC: Acronym for automatic volume control average: A calculation in which the mean value or rate is determined. The average speed is determined by dividing the distance by the time (e.g., 273 kilometers divided by 3 hours = 91 kph). Average fuel consumption is determined as a ratio of fuel and distance. In the metric system, this is determined by multiplying the number of liters by 100 and dividing the result by the number of kilometers (e.g., 31.38 liters times 100 divided by 273 kilometers = 11.49 liters / 100 km). In the Imperial system divide the number of miles by the amount of fuel in gallons (e.g., 173 miles divided by 6.9 gallons = 25 mpg) average weekly earnings: gross taxable payrolls divided by the number of employees. aviation fuel: A high octane fuel used primarily in aircraft but also used in racing vehicles to improve performance. AWD: Acronym for "all-wheel drive." awl: A pointed or flat tool used to probe nail holes and injuries as well as for installing a repair plug. awning: A canvas roof which is stretched out from a parked trailer or camper to give protection from the sun and rain axis: The centerline, whether real or imaginary, around which a thing rotates. Also see cam-ground piston, eccentric bolt, hotchkiss drive, kingpin inclination, moment of inertia, self-aligning torque, static balance, steering axis, steering axis inclination, steering geometry, steering knuckle angle, torque, and trailing arm. axis of a weld: An imaginary line along the center of gravity of the weld metal and perpendicular to a cross section of the weld metal
axle articulation: The degree to which an axle can move up and down. Off-road vehicles need a great deal of axle articulation to allow for extremely uneven terrain, such as rocks or gullies. axle casing: A British term indicating a tubular housing which encloses the differential and half-shafts along with their bearings. The US term is "axle housing" axle drive: [1] See final drive. [2] The ring gear and pinion inside a differential housing axle end gear: See axle end gears. axle end gears: The two gears, one per axle, that are splined to the inner ends of the drive axles. They mesh with and are driven by the spider gears. axle housing: An American term indicating a tubular housing which encloses the differential and half-shafts along with their bearings. The British term is "axle casing" axle load: See axle weight axle parallelism: Axles are determined to be parallel, thus minimizing tire wear, if a measurement between two or more axles is equal at both ends of the axle. axle shaft: [1] The short shaft which connects the differential and the drive shaft on each side of an independent suspension configuration. [2] The drive shaft or half-shaft of a rigid axle. axle stand: An adjustable height tripod used to support a vehicle when working underneath it. Although you can raise the car with the jack, use an axle stand for safety axle track: Distance between centerlines of tire tread measured across axle. axle tramp: A form of wheel hop which is usually found in live rear axle cars. It occurs when sudden torque loads on the suspension cause the driven wheels to shake violently by slightly rotating the wheels and then springing back. axle tube: The part of the axle housing which covers the half-shaft or a tubular rigid axle axle weight: The part of the weight of the vehicle which rests on the wheels of the axle
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