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COMING
SOON: SKID CONTROL
SESSIONS.....WATCH OUT FOR DETAILS Official Driving School for The Civil Protection Department. Cell: 79693511 |
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electrode adjusting tool: A British term for a spark plug gap gauge electrode gap: Spark plug gap electrodeposition: A generic term for electrolytic processes in which a metal is deposited at the cathode from a solution of its ions, such as electroplating, or in which paint is deposited in an immersion process by means of electric current electrogalvanizing: An electroplating coating of zinc on metal that will rust (i.e., iron or steel). electrolysis: A method by which chemical reactions are carried out by passage of electric current through a solution of an electrolyte or through a molten salt electrolyte: In automotive batteries, it is a sulphuric acid and water solution. It can be any solution (usually an acid) that will conduct electric current. The acid reacts with the battery plates (usually made of lead) to produce direct current (DC) electricity. electrolytic: relating to electrolysis or an electrolyte electrolytic cell: A cell consisting of electrodes immersed in an electrolyte solution for carrying out electrolysis electrolytic corrosion: electrochemical corrosion causing the electrolytic removal of metal electrolytic deposition: electroplating electrolytic galvanizing: electrogalvanizing electrolytic protection: cathodic protection electromagnet: A magnet produced by placing a coil of wire around a steel or iron bar. When current flows through the coil, the bar becomes magnetized and will remain so as long as the current continues to flow. electromagnetic: Magnetic (generator) production of electricity. electromagnetic clutch: any clutch in which a magnetic force is used to hold the drive in engagement, such as that in the compressor drive of an air-conditioning system electromotive force: (EMF) A source of electrical energy required to produce an electric current, produced by devices such as batteries or generators and measured in volts. See voltage. electron: A negatively charged particle that makes up part of the atom. Also see bound electrons and free electrons. electron flow: A current produced by the motion of free electrons towards a positive terminal, whose direction is the opposite to that of the current electronic: featuring semiconductors (usually transistors) as an operating medium electronically controlled: Most items can be controlled by a mechanical means (squeeze a lever to move something) or by hydraulics (a lever pushes fluid which applies movement to something) or electronically (move a switch and a servo motor moves something) electronic cluster: A display showing various functions, including speedometer, tachometer, gauges, etc., using LEDs or LCD technology displaying symbols and bar graphs instead of numbers. The opposite is an analog cluster electronic control module: (ECM) The master computer responsible for interpreting electrical signals sent by engine sensors and for activating automated engine components and processes accordingly in order to produce optimum performance. Also called "electronic control unit" electronic control unit: (ECU) A microprocessor and memory with electronic maps, forming the central part of an engine management system or of subsystems such as a fuel injection or ignition system. Also called "Electronic Control Module" electronic engine control: (EEC) The engine management system which controls the ignition system and various other systems, including the exhaust gas recirculation and air-injection systems electronic fuel injection: (EFI or EFi) system that injects fuel into the engine and includes an electronic control unit to time and meter the flow electronic ignition: See electronic ignition system. electronic ignition system: An ignition system using electronic switching devices to assist or eliminate the mechanical breaker points. There are three basic electronic ignitions: contact controlled (the breaker points are retained but merely serve to trigger a transistor which switches the heavy primary current), magnetically controlled (transistors are used as the switching device for the primary current and the points are eliminated -- also called "contactless" or "all-electronic"), and capacitor controlled (also called "capacitive-discharge system" and can be either all-electronic or breaker-point controlled). electronic navigator: A trip computer which gives estimated time of arrival (ETA), amount of fuel left, average fuel consumption, etc. electronic ride control: A suspension control system made up of a microprocessor-controlled, electronically adjustable air shock absorbers for automatic selection of the optimum damping characteristics depending on road surface and load conditions electronic sensing device: An electronic device for vehicles with fuel injection. It detects changes in speed and driving conditions and determines the amount of fuel to be injected into the combustion chamber, thus eliminating the need for carburetors. electronic spark advance: (ESA) the part of an ECU that controls ignition timing and dwell angle electronic spark control: (ESC) The timing of the ignition by means of an ignition map, either integrated into the mapped ignition systems or available as a separate module to enhance transistorized ignition systems. Also called "electronic spark timing." electronic spark timing: (EST) The timing of the ignition by means of an ignition map, either integrated into the mapped ignition systems or available as a separate module to enhance transistorized ignition systems. Also called "electronic spark control." electronic traction control: (ETC) A system for reducing wheelspin, incorporating wheel sensors. Also see "antispin regulation" electronic transmission: A system of controlling the shifting of gears in the transmission by means of electrical pulses sent to solenoids and relays. In mechanical transmissions, the operator moves levers which makes the transmission shift gears. electronic transmission control: A system or module for controlling an automatic transmission electropainting: Electrophoretic painting electropaint tank: A tank in which items are immersed for electrophoretic paint application electrophoretic painting: A process used to apply the first coat of paint (primer) to car bodies. The process involves using negatively charged paint particles (anodic electropainting) or positively charged paint particles (cathodic electropainting). The cleaned metal parts to be coated are immersed in a tank of electrodeposition paint, and the current is turned on, so that the paint particles are attracted by the positively charged paint particles electrophoretic primer: Paint used to prime car bodies by the electrophoretic process electro picker: A device which is electrically operated and is used to open locked car doors. It is available only to automotive locksmiths and the police. It consists basically of a vibrator with an attached steel blade. When the vibrating blade is inserted into a lock, it finds its way past the locating pins which would normally block anything but the original key electroplate: The process of depositing gold, silver, chrome, nickel, etc., upon an object by placing the object in a special solution and then passing an electric current through the solution. The object forms one terminal, a special electrode the other. Direct current is used. electroplating: The process of electrodeposition of metal or alloys from suitable electrolyte solutions. The articles to be plated are connected to the cathode in an electrolyte solution, and direct current is introduced through the anode of the metal to be deposited electrostatic painting: A painting method using the particle- attracting property of electrostatic charges, in which a direct current of approximately 100,000 volts is applied to a grid of wires through which the paint is sprayed to charge each particle, and the metal objects to be sprayed are connected to the opposite terminal of the high-voltage circuit, so as to attract the paint particles. Also called "Electrostatic Spraying" electrostatic powder coating: (EPC) A painting process in which the outer parts of the body shell are coated with a powder dispersion by means of cathodic immersion, and in which the cavities are coated with cathodic electropaint electrostatic spraying: A painting method using the particle- attracting property of electrostatic charges, in which a direct current of approximately 100,000 volts is applied to a grid of wires through which the paint is sprayed to charge each particle, and the metal objects to be sprayed are connected to the opposite terminal of the high-voltage circuit, so as to attract the paint particles. Also called "Electrostatic Painting" electrovalve: A solenoid valve element: A group of plates in a battery. Three elements for a six volt and six elements for the twelve volt battery. The elements are connected in series. Elliot axle: A solid bar front axle on which the ends span or straddle the steering knuckle. Also see reversed Elliot axle Elliot type axle: See Elliot axle ellipsoidal headlight: A headlight with a reflector which is wider than it is high, and not circular; has replaced the parabolic reflector elongation: The percentage increase in the length of a specimen when stressed to its yield strength. ELV: Acronym for "End-of-Life Vehicles." embrittlement: A reduced toughness in plastic or metal caused by age, heat or rough use. Also see hydrogen embrittlement emergency: A sudden, unexpected occurrence, such as a breakdown or the failure of some part, which may be dangerous and demands immediate action emergency brake: A braking system which is independent of the main hydraulic system. It can be used to slow or stop the vehicle if the primary brakes fail, or to hold the vehicle stationary though the brake pedal is not depressed. It usually consists of a foot pedal or hand lever that actuates either front or rear brakes mechanically through a series of cables and linkages. It is also called the "parking brake." emergency inflator: An aerosol can which inflates a punctured tire and injects sealing compound to provide at least a temporary repair emergency transmitter: A transmitter no larger than a car radio, fitted inside the vehicle which enables a driver to radio for help from the security of his own car emergency windshield: A sheet of clear plastic fitted in place of a broken windshield emery cloth: A cloth coated in emery crystals like fine sandpaper for use as an abrasive on metals EMF: Acronym for "electromotive force" See voltage. Emily: An affectionate name for the RollsRoyce radiator mascot, the "Spirit of Ecstasy" emission: The passing of gases and other toxic substances into the atmosphere emission control: A system for restricting the amount of noxious emissions. There are two standards for emission controls: level E for Europe and the more stringent level U for the United States. See exhaust emission control. emission controls: See exhaust emission control. emission levels: amounts of toxic substances passed into the atmosphere by motor vehicles emissions: Gases and other pollutants coming from a vehicle with an internal combustion engine. See exhaust emissions. emission standards: specified maximum emission levels permitted from different classes of motor vehicle in different countries employment: total employment in each manufacturing facility, including total manufacturing employees, total support staff, and total engineering/R&D staff. Average number of workers employed by an establishment during the year. Production workers relate to the average number actually engaged in the manufacturing process. Administrative and non-manufacturing includes employees at head offices and sales offices. employee benefits: the provision of direct (salary, bonuses, etc.) indirect (vacation leave, medical and dental plans, etc.) and deferred employee compensation (pensions, etc.). EMS: Acronym for Engine Management System emulsion: A mixture of two liquids which do not fully mix, such as oil and water, or specifically of gasoline and air in a carburetor emulsion tube: part of a fixed jet carburetor, in which air is introduced into the mixture through holes to help atomize it and correct excessive richness at higher engine speeds enamel: Type of paint that dries to a smooth, glossy finish. It is easier to apply than cellulose. If cellulose is applied over it, the cellulose will lift (i.e., peel off) EN block: See EN-block. EN-block: One piece -- such as an engine cylinder block cast in one piece. end bracket: The cover containing a bearing at each end of a generator or alternator. Also called "end cover" or "end cover plate." Also see drive end bracket end cap: The cap covering the end of a piece of trim or of a barrel fuse end cover: The cover containing a bearing at each end of a generator or alternator. Also called "end bracket" or "end cover plate" end cover plate: The cover containing a bearing at each end of a generator or alternator. Also called "end cover" or "end bracket" end cutters: British term for a "side cutter" end cutting pliers: British term for "side cutter" end dump: A term used to describe various dump trucks or trailers that tilt to unload at the rear. end float: End play end form: Any type of connector at the end of a hose or pipe. end gap: See piston ring end gap. end gas: The last part of the fuel-air mixture that has been introduced into the cylinder, but has not yet been consumed in the normal flame-front reaction. end gear: See axle end gears. end gears: See axle end gears. endoscope: An instrument used to see into the interior of hollow cavities such as box sections end play: The looseness in bearing clearance in an axial direction endurance test: A test of a material or system over a long period to determine when it will fail energize: To activate (a solenoid, relay, etc.) by providing sufficient energy energy: Capacity for doing work. It is measured in joules or kilowatt-hours. See kinetic energy. energy-absorbing: The ability to absorb impact forces energy absorbing bumper: See bumper system. energy-absorbing bumper: See bumper system. energy absorbing steering column: A steering column which collapses when the vehicle is involved in an accident. energy conversion: The changing of one form of energy into another or into work, such as that in the combustion process, the heat of which is used to turn the engine and thus create motion energy Protection Agency: See EPA estimates. energy retarder: See engine brake. engage: [1] to come into contact and be locked together (with another part). [2] to bring (a part) into contact with another so that it is locked to it engagement: The result of bringing into locking contact (e.g. of the clutch), or selection of a gear engaging the throttle: The action of causing the throttle linkage to move so that more fuel enters the engine to increase the speed of the vehicle. engine: A device for changing fuel energy to mechanical energy. The term applies to the primary source of power generation. Also see engine types. In Britain there is a desire to make a clear distinction between "engine" and "motor" so that "motor" refers only to electric power units (i.e., starter motor) and "engine" for gasoline or diesel powered units. However, in the U.S.A. the term "motor" can apply to both types. Yet, even in Britain, combustion driven vehicles are called "motor cars" and "motorcycles." engine adapter: A unit that allows a different engine to be installed in a vehicle and still bolt up to the original transmission. engine analyzer: An electronic engine testing device which (because of its size) used to be placed in a cabinet or a movable stand. The modern units are often hand-held and are connected to the vehicle's diagnostic socket (as in the case of the diagnostic read-out box), which provides data on all aspects of the engine's state of tune engine bay: The engine compartment. engine block: The cylinder block. engine block heater: See block heater engine brake: (Energy Retarder or jake brake) A system that allows for slowing of a vehicle that is independent of the conventional braking systems. A driver would normally down-shift to slow his descent of a hill, using engine compression. The engine brake increases the effectiveness of this regarding force. engine braking effect: A retarding effect of an engine when the vehicle is in gear with the throttle closed. Also called a "jake brake" engine capacity: The swept volume of an engine engine compartment: The space where the engine is mounted. Also called the "engine bay" engine control system: See engine-control system. engine-control system: A computer that regulates the operation of the engine by monitoring certain engine characteristics (rpm, coolant temperature, intake airflow, etc.) through a network of sensors and then controlling key variables (fuel metering, spark timing, EGR, etc.) according to pre-programmed schedules. engine coolant: Antifreeze liquid used in the engine's cooling system engine cover: The panel which conceals the engine in a mid-engine car. Also called "access panel." Also see hood (British "bonnet") which covers the engine only in a front-mounted engine. engine damage: Breakage, deformation, or scoring of the internal parts of an engine due to running at very high rpms for an extended period of time or with insufficient lubrication. A rod could break off and drive a hole into the cases; a valve could break off or imbed itself into the top of a piston; the piston could heat and expand and thus seize against the cylinder walls; or other types of damage could occur. engine depression: Low pressure on the engine side of the throttle caused by piston suction in the inlet manifold engine diagnostic connector: The electrical connector for plugging in the engine analyzer, forming an interface between the engine electronic controls and diagnostic unit, and used to read the engine data as well as any fault codes stored in the memory of the engine controller engine displacement: To determine, multiply the volume of the space through which the head of the piston moves in the full length of its stroke by the number of cylinders in the engine. The result is given in cubic inches. engine flywheel: A spinning plate located at the end of the crankshaft. See flywheel. engine hoist: small crane for lifting an engine out of a motor vehicle, formerly incorporating a block and tackle, but now usually hydraulically operated. Also see gantry engine identification number: (EIN) A number stamped on the engine which may or may not match the number on the vehicle identification plate. Also called "engine number" engine knock: When the engine is operating, an audible noise may be heard when the fuel in the cylinders is ignited too early and/or spontaneously, resulting in colliding flame fronts and shock waves which cause high thermal and mechanical stress, and can severely damage the engine. engine layout: [1] The type of engine, with reference to the arrangement of its cylinders and their number (as in a flat four, V-twin, or straight eight). [2] The location of the engine in the vehicle (as in a front mount, mid-mount, or rear engine. [3] The placement of the engine in the engine compartment: e.g., a transverse or in-line engine engine management system: (EMS) An electronic engine control system which covers at least the functioning of the fuel injection and ignition, but may also include emission controls and self-diagnostics engine map: See characteristic map. As an engine speeds up, the timing needs to be advanced. On older vehicles, this is accomplished mechanically with a counterweight advance in the distributor. In modern vehicles, the timing can be advanced progressively by means of a computer chip which is programmed to provide the ideal timing. It also provides other factors in some engines such as the opening and closing of valves, etc. engine misfire: See misfire engine modifications: Alterations to the specification of the engine to increase power output, improve economy, reduce emissions, etc. engine mounting: A flexible support for the engine in which an elastic medium, usually rubber, is interposed between the lugs on the engine and the frame of the vehicle engine noise: The amount of noise produced by the engine when it is running. Engine noise is more noticeable with a diesel at lower speeds engine number: (EIN) A number stamped on the engine which may or may not match the number on the vehicle identification plate. Also called "engine identification number" engine oil: Oil within the engine used to lubricate the moving components. At one time the oil was a single grade, but modern engines use a multigrade oil engine oil pan: See oil pan. engine oil level warning light: A light on the instrument panel which comes on when the oil in the sump falls below a certain level engine overhaul: When an old engine burns too much oil and loses power, it is dismantled and restored to the manufacturer's original tolerances by replacement of worn parts, reboring the cylinders, regrinding the crankshaft, etc. engine parameters: A term used in the context of emission controls for those engine characteristics sensitive to engine performance, such as power/bhp, general engine performance, and fuel economy engine performance tester: An engine analyzer engine sequence test: The test which determines how well oil will prevent engine rusting, corrosion, scuffing, wear, and the formation of sludge and varnish. engine size: The engine displacement or capacity engine speed: The number of revolutions per minute (rpm) at which the engine crankshaft turns. The vehicle itself may be stationary or in motion. engine speed limiter: A device which acts as a governor which cuts the power when a certain number of rpm is reached engine speed sensor: In most cases, a magnetic pick-up that scans the flywheel teeth and produces one output signal per scanned tooth, or a hall generator in the distributor, whose signals are passed to the electronic control unit engine subframe: A separate frame in which the engine is mounted engine temperature sensor: A sensor used to monitor the temperature of the engine engine timing: [1] The point of time when the spark ignites the air/fuel mixture (ignition timing) [2] The setting of the valves when they open or close (valve timing) engine type: Over the years of engine development, several types or configurations have been made. All of them relate to the position of the valves and the camshaft (s) that operates them.
enrichment: making the air/fuel mixture richer, i.e., increasing the fuel content enrichment device: A circuit in a carburetor providing a richer mixture, operated by engine vacuum enrichment unit: A circuit in a carburetor providing a richer mixture, operated by engine vacuum enrichner: A fuel plunger which is used in a carburetor in place of a choke. By activating the plunger more gas is permitted into the intake area to enrichen the fuel-air mixture for easier starting. Also see choke. entry-level version: basic model suitable as someone's first car entry model: basic model suitable as someone's first car envelope: [1] A thin rubber wrapper that surrounds the tread, sidewall and is tucked inside the curing rim during the pre-cured cold process retreading. It protects bonding materials from humidity within the chamber. [2] A cover enclosing something entirely, such as the glass of a lamp bulb envelope separator: A porous plastic separator used in maintenance-free batteries to enclose the individual plates completely environment-conscious: An awareness of the dangers and threats to the environment caused by vehicle use and the taking of appropriate action to avoid them environmentally aware: An awareness of the dangers and threats to the environment caused by vehicle use and the taking of appropriate action to avoid them environmentally friendly: Something that is harmless to the environment, or causing as little harm as possible EPA: [1] Acronym for "Energy Protection Agency." Also see EPA fuel economy. [2] Acronym for "Environmental Protection Agency" which is responsible fol recommending environmental legislation and in the automotive sphere produces test cycles and estimates fuel economy EPA estimate: An American organization (Energy Protection Agency) which determines the fuel consumption of various vehicles. It takes into account city and highway driving. These figures may be helpful in comparing one vehicle against another. Your vehicle can greatly exceed these estimates with sensible driving, the use of cruise control, obeying the speed limits, avoiding rapid starts, coasting long before a stop light or sign. Also see EPA fuel economy. EPA estimates: An American organization (Energy Protection Agency) which determines the fuel consumption of various vehicles. It takes into account city and highway driving. These figures may be helpful in comparing one vehicle against another. Your vehicle can greatly exceed these estimates with sensible driving, the use of cruise control, obeying the speed limits, avoiding rapid starts, coasting long before a stop light or sign. Also see EPA fuel economy. EPA fuel economy: Laboratory fuel economy tests administered by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) using simulated weight and drag to re-create real driving conditions. The city fuel-economy test, also used to test emissions compliance, is based on a drive through typical Los Angeles urban traffic of about twenty years ago. Such conditions in LA are no longer present. The highway test uses a higher, steadier speed, averaging 79.5 kph (49.4 mph). EPC: Acronym for Electrostatic Powder Coating EP gear oil: An extreme pressure gear oil preventing metal-to-metal contact, used mainly in gearboxes and final drive units. Also called "EP lubricant" epicyclic: See epicyclic gearbox. epicyclic gearbox: A form of gear used by Benz in which small pinions revolve around a central or sun gear and mesh with an outer ring gear called the annulus. Type used in the Ford Model T. Also called planetary gearset, "planetary transmission" and "sun-and-planet gears." epitrochoid: A geometric path followed by a specific point located in a generating circle which is rolled around the periphery of a base circle. epitrochoidal: A part of a circle which is not on the circumference of another circle around which it turns EP lubricant: See extreme pressure lubricant. epoxy resin: A thermosetting resin based on ethylene oxide or similar materials or derivatives, used in adhesives, fillers, and primers and other finishes EPS: Acronym for electronically controlled power steering. EPS is used in more expensive models, such as the BMW Servotronic system where the assistance provided alters according to the speed at which the car is travelling equalizer: See graphic equalizer and compensator equal power distribution: A system in four-wheel drive vehicles which ensures that an equal amount of power is passed to the front and rear wheels equal power split: A system in four-wheel drive vehicles which ensures that an equal amount of power is passed to the front and rear wheels equipment: devices and systems fitted to a vehicle which are either essential or optional, and either fitted by the manufacturer (original equipment) or subsequently by the owner (after market equipment) equipment package: A combination of equipment provided by the manufacturer ergonomics: [lit: The law of work] Technically, it means the biotechnology study of how human beings relate to their surroundings and how efficiently they perform in that environment. However, the meaning has also come to be used in a qualitative sense so that a vehicle has good or bad ergonomics meaning that the controls, switches, instruments, seats, pedals, and steering wheel suit the human driver. erode: to remove a surface layer (by chemical action or by rubbing) erosion: A reduction in size of an object because of a liquid or gas impact on the object. ESA: Acronym for Electronic Spark Advance ESC: Acronym for Electronic Spark Control esr: Acronym for electric sunroof EST: Acronym for Electronic Spark Timing establishment: smallest operating entity producing a homogenous set of goods and services and is capable of reporting full range of production account variables to calculate "value added." estate car: A British term for a station wagon estimate: See estimates. estimates: A guess on the part of a service department with respect to the nature of a vehicle's problem and cost of repairing it. Although most shops will stand by their estimate, there is also the situation where the problem is caused by something which will be more expensive to repair or may be less expensive. In the case where other components are also faulty (but the estimate did not include them), the shop may contact the customer with a revised estimate saying, "We can repair what we thought was the faulty part, but we found another defective part which also contributed to the problem once we took things apart. Now the cost will be more. Do you want us to go ahead and repair that component, too?" In the case where a lesser solution repaired the problem, good shops will give you a bill that is much less than the estimate with an explanation like, "We thought we had to replace the expensive control box, but we found that one of its plugs had come loose." Also see EPA estimates. ESV: Acronym for Experimental Safety Vehicle ET: Acronym for "elapsed time." The length of time it takes a dragster to complete the one-fourth mile run. ETA: Acronym for "expected time of arrival." ETC: Acronym for Electronic Traction Control etching: [1] A roughening or disintegration of the paint surface, which can occur on small patches or over a wide area, through attack from bird droppings, soap deposits, industrial fallout, etc. [2] The removal of soil or the natural oxide film from an aluminium surface, giving a roughened surface which improves adhesion of the subsequent paint layer, or removal of the actual metal. [3] A system of marking car windows with the registration number so as to deter thieves etching primer: A primer for aluminum which has an etching effect to improve adhesion etch primer: A primer for aluminum which has an etching effect to improve adhesion ethanol: ethyl alcohol which is added to gasoline, typically in a mixture of 10% ethanol and 90% unleaded gasoline ethyl acrylate: A polymer used in toughening rubber ethylene glycol: A chemical solution added to the cooling system to protect against freezing. See antifreeze. ethyl gasoline: gasoline to which ethyl fluid (tetraethyl lead, ethylene dibromide, ethylene dichloride, or another octane improver) has been added to improve the gasoline's resistance to knocking. It slows down the burning rate thereby creating a smooth pressure curve that will allow the gasoline to be used in high compression engines. It is a generic term describing premium or high-octane fuel. It was first sold in 1924. ETRTO: Acronym for "European Tyre and Rim Technical Organisation." Euromix formula: The basis for a standard test cycle covering both town driving and driving on the open road. In North America a similar is called the "Town and Country Formula" eutectic alloy: A mixture of metals which has a melting point lower than that of any of the metals in the mixture, or of any other mixture of these metals. evacuate: to remove by pushing out evaporate: to turn into a vapour evaporation: The process of changing from a liquid to a vapor, such as boiling water to produce steam; evaporation is the opposite of condensation. Also refers to solvents in the paint escaping to the air. evaporation control system: (EVAP) A system for reducing evaporative emissions by means of a sealed fuel tank, a vapour-liquid separator, a three-way valve, an activated carbon filter, and a network of interconnecting hoses. Also called "evaporative Emission Control system" evaporative emission control system: (EVAP) A system for reducing evaporative emissions by means of a sealed fuel tank, a vapour-liquid separator, a three-way valve, an activated carbon filter, and a network of interconnecting hoses. Also called "evaporation control system" evaporative emissions: Vapours or fumes not emitted by the exhaust system, but escaping from the fuel tank, carburetor and crankcase, and accounting for about 40% of hydrocarbon emissions released by a gasoline engine without emission controls evaporative losses: Vapours or fumes not emitted by the exhaust system, but escaping from the fuel tank, carburetor and crankcase, and accounting for about 40% of hydrocarbon emissions released by a gasoline engine without emission controls evaporator: The unit in an air conditioning system used to transform refrigerant from a liquid to a gas. It is at this point that cooling takes place as heat is removed from the air. Opposite to "condenser" EVAP system: Acronym for Evaporative Emission Control System EVC: Exhaust Valve Closes EVO: Exhaust Valve Opens EVT: Acronym for "Electromagnetic Valve Train." ew: acronym for "electric windows" exc: Abbreviation for "excellent," as in exc condition. Excalibur: The 1965-69 model II Series I are milestone cars. exchange engine: A replacement engine which is provided in exchange for a worn engine while the original engine is being rebuilt exchanger: See heat exchanger. Excelsior: The 1925-1948 models with required application are classic cars. excitation winding: Field winding excite: To pass an electric current through a unit such as the field coils in the generator. exciter coil: A primary coil which provides stepped up voltage to a second coil. exciter winding: Field winding ex-demonstrator: A vehicle which had been used as a demonstrator and is now available for sale executive car: A large, powerful luxury car considered suitable for a business executive
exhaust cam: A separate camshaft controlling the opening and closing of the exhaust valves used in twin overhead camshaft engines exhaust camshaft: A separate camshaft controlling the opening and closing of the exhaust valves used in twin overhead camshaft engines exhaust chamber: part of the two-stroke exhaust system designed to maintain a specified back pressure exhaust cutout: A Y-shaped device that is placed in the exhaust pipe ahead of the muffler. The driver may channel the exhaust through the muffler or out the other leg of the "Y" where the exhaust passes out without going through the muffler. Also see cutout. exhaust emission: See exhaust emissions. exhaust emission control: exhaust emission controls
exhaust emissions: The unburned hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen, and other noxious gases emitted when gasoline is burned in an engine. exhaust gas: gas which is the product of the combustion process and which is passed out of the cylinder through the exhaust valve or port into the exhaust system exhaust gas analyzer: See exhaust-gas analyzer. exhaust-gas analyzer: An instrument used to measure the exhaust gases (in parts per million, percent, grams per kilometer, or grams per mile) to determine both combustion efficiency and the amount of pollutants in the exhaust. exhaust gas purification system: An emission control system for diesel engines, which may consist of an exhaust scrubber, a diesel exhaust filter, and/or a catalytic converter exhaust gas recirculation: See exhaust-gas recirculation. exhaust-gas recirculation: (EGR) An emission control system where some of the exhaust gases are rerouted from the exhaust manifold into the combustion chamber to make sure that all fuel is burned before entering the atmosphere. The process lowers the combustion temperature and reduces the formation of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) in the exhaust. exhaust gas: See exhaust gases. exhaust gases: The burned and unburned gases which are expelled out of the exhaust system after combustion takes place. Also see exhaust emissions. exhaust header: Steel tubing connecting pipes between the exhaust ports and the exhaust pipe. Usually a header has been polished to allow for better flow of the exhaust. Also see exhaust manifold. exhaust manifold: The connecting pipes between the exhaust ports of each cylinder and the exhaust pipe. It is usually made of cast iron. Sometimes called the "exhaust header," but it is usually made of steel tubing. exhaust note: The sound coming from the end of the exhaust pipe. It is usually described as pleasant, loud, throaty, or sporty.
exhaust side: The side of the engine where the exhaust valves and exhaust manifold are located br />
exhaust treatment: any measures taken to reduce the pollutant concentrations in the exhaust of an internal combustion engine released into the atmosphere exhaust tuning: Cutting the exhaust pipe to a length that provides maximum efficiency. exhaust turbocharging: See turbocharging
exhaust valve opens: (EVO) A mark on a valve-timing diagram expander: [1] A ring placed under a piston ring to increase ring pressure on the cylinder walls. For instance an oil control ring may have an expander ring to assist the oil-control ring to scrape oil off the cylinder wall and provide further sealing. See piston ring expander. [2] A device in a drum brake system (either hydraulic or mechanical) which forces the shoes apart into contact with the drum expander spacer: See expander ring expansion: An increase in size, for example: when a metal rod is heated, it increases in length and perhaps also in diameter. Expansion is the opposite of contraction. Also see piston expansion. expansion plug: See core plugs. expansion stroke: See power stroke expansion tank: When the engine is heated, the coolant expands to fill any available space (usually in the radiator). Before the introduction of coolant expansion tanks, the excess coolant was forced out of a vent tube and on the ground. The expansion tank collects the coolant so that when the engine cools off, the resultant vacuum sucks the coolant from the tank back into the radiator. expansion valve: A part of an air-conditioning system, located between the condenser and the evaporator, that regulates the flow of liquid refrigerant to the vaporator. If cooling needs are low, the valve is almost closed; as additional cooling is required, the valve opens wider so that more liquid refrigerant flows to the evaporator. Experimental Safety Vehicle: (ESV) A special vehicle built for research into and testing of safety features; (compare SID) exploded view: A drawing of a mechanism or structure which shows the parts separately but approximately in the position they occupy when assembled explosion: A rapid disintegration of an object. See clutch explosion. expressway: A US multilane highway road with limited access to be used for rapid travel with few interchanges. ext: Abbreviation for "exterior." extension: A part which is inserted between a ratchet and a socket to provide access to nuts or bolts which are deeply inset or hard to reach. Also called "extension bar" or "extension piece" extension bar: See extension extension piece: See extension extension spring: A closed-coiled helical spring that offers resistance to a pulling force. exterior mirror: The mirror that is usually mounted on the door. In Japan (and other countries) it was mounted on the front fenders. Also called "external mirror." external combustion engine: An engine that burns its fuel outside the engine. A steam engine is an external combustion engine. external diameter: The outside diameter of a cylinder, tube, or washer external micrometer: A micrometer for measuring external diameters external mirror: The mirror that is usually mounted on the door. In Japan (and other countries) it was mounted on the front fenders. Also called "exterior mirror." external mix air cap: A special type of air cap for spray guns. Air and fluid are mixed in the space outside the air cap, directly in front of the nozzle: the most common type of air cap. Also see internal mix air cap external thread: Thread consisting of projecting ridges on the outside of a part such as a bolt or screw (which fits into the corresponding internal thread of a nut). Also called male thread external vane pump: A pump with either an elliptic rotating piston or an eccentrically mounted circular rotor extractor: A device for removing some object (e.g., bearing, bushing, sleeve, bolt, stud, etc.). See screw extractor. extras: Optional items either supplied by the manufacturer at the buyer's request, or added later by the owner. Usually they are things like seat covers, floor mats, additional lights, sunroof, glass tinting, CD changers, etc. extreme-pressure lubricant: (EP lubricant) A lubricant designed and compounded to withstand very heavy loads imposed on gear teeth. extruder: A machine that shapes a rubber compound into a usable form. Uncured rubber is heated to soften and forced through dies having the desired shape and dimensions. eye: A circular opening or hole, such as that at the end of a leaf spring or that formed at the end of a cable eyebolt: A bolt with an eye in place of a head, through which a cable can be passed, e.g. for lifting purposes eyelet connector: A connector for electrical connections which is attached to a wire and has its ring-shaped end pushed onto a round post or threaded terminal eyelet pliers: Pliers for punching small holes, with a round stud in one jaw and a hole in the other |
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