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COMING
SOON: SKID CONTROL
SESSIONS.....WATCH OUT FOR DETAILS Official Driving School for The Civil Protection Department. Cell: 79693511 |
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oil filter hole: A hole at the top of the engine through which new oil can be added after the filler hole cover is removed. oil gage: See oil gauge. oil gallery: A pipe or drilled passageway in the engine that is used to carry engine oil from one area to another. oil gauge: An instrument on the dashboard which indicates the oil pressure as the oil is pumped through the engine. If this gauge shows a sharp drop, reads low, or lights up, it is possible that there is no oil in the engine. Stop the vehicle and turn off the engine. Check the oil level and replenish it as necessary. A vehicle with no oil in the engine could destroy an engine within a kilometer (or a mile). oil pan: The removable chamber at the bottom of the crankcase which stores oil. The oil drain plug is found at the bottom of this pan and can be removed to allow the old oil to flow out of the vehicle during an oil change. oil pressure gage: See oil pressure gauge. oil pressure gauge: An instrument on the dashboard which indicates the oil pressure as the oil is pumped through the engine. If this gauge shows a sharp drop, reads low, or lights up, it is possible that there is no oil in the engine. Stop the vehicle and turn off the engine. Check the oil level and replenish it as necessary. A vehicle with no oil in the engine could destroy an engine within a kilometer (or a mile). oil pump: The device located in the crankcase used to force oil, under pressure, to various parts of the engine, it is driven by a gear on the camshaft. There are two types: gear pump and rotor pump. oil pumping: A condition where an excessive quantity of oil passes the piston rings and is consumed in the combustion chamber. oil ring: The lowermost piston ring that scrapes off excess oil from the cylinder walls and returns it to the oil pan via vents in the ring and piston. oil seal: A device used to prevent oil leakage past a certain area. See grease seal and valve oil seal. oil slinger: A cone-shaped collar attached to a revolving shaft so that any oil passing that point will be thrown outward where it will return to the point of origin. oil-combination splash and pressure system: An engine oiling system that uses both pressure and splash oiling to accomplish proper lubrication. oil full pressure system: See oil-full pressure system. oil-full pressure system: An engine oiling system that forces oil, under pressure, to the moving parts of the engine. oil-ML: Engine oil designed for light duty service under favorable conditions. oil-MM: Engine oil designed for moderate duty service with occasional high speeds. oil-MS: Engine oil designed for high speed, heavy duty operation or for a great deal of stop and go driving. oil splash system: See oil-splash system. oil-splash system: An engine oiling system that depends on the connecting rods to dip into oil troughs and splash the oil to all moving parts. Oldsmobile: The 1949-50 88 Coupe, Convertible, and Holiday are milestone cars. The 1949 98 Holiday Hardtop is a milestone car. The 1953 Fiesta is a milestone car. The 1964-70 442 models are milestone cars. The 1966-67 Toronado models are milestone cars. on board diagnostics: (OBD) A unit that monitors the Electric Control Unit and system responses for errors during normal vehicle operations. When the vehicle is serviced, this information on the errors can be down loaded and displayed to the service personnel which will facilitate the trouble shooting process. on-car balance: In contrast with off-car balancing (which removes a wheel from the vehicle) on-car balancing leaves the wheel on the vehicle and a special machine is used to balance the tire, wheel and brake assembly making adjustment for all of these components. Obviously this is the best (and most costly) procedure in obtaining balance. on-center feel: The responsiveness and feel of the steering when the wheel is approximately centered. In a car with good on-center feel, the steering wheel tends to return to center when slightly deflected, assisting straight-line stability. one price selling: published fixed price displayed on a new vehicle eliminating need for negotiation. one way clutch: See freewheeling. one-way clutch: See freewheeling. ONO: Acronym for "or nearest offer" as a term of negotiation which indicates that the seller is not too flexible in his price. open car: Another name for convertible open circuit: A circuit in which a wire is broken or disconnected. open face helmet: A motorcycle helmet which does not wrap around the chin to protect the whole face. open loop system: A control system which operates by feeding in instructions at the beginning of a process and they are followed to complete the process. open tourer: See AC Buckland Open Tourer. operating profit: pre-tax earnings after deducting all operating expenses from gross margin. opposed engine: See horizontally opposed engine. opposite lock: The act of turning the wheels to avoid a skid by steering in the opposite direction to which the vehicle is going. If the tail of the vehicle swings out to the left in a skid, you should correct the problem by turning the steering fully to the left. Some people express it by saying, steer in the direction of a rear-wheel skid. Others say, counter steer to straighten out the vehicle. If you have never experienced a skid, you might consider taking a course designed to give you the skill. Otherwise, practice in an unoccupied snow-covered parking lot. opt: Abbreviation for "options" or optional equipment. optional equipment: Any equipment or feature of a new vehicle which is not included in the basic price and is provided only if the purchaser requests it. options: Extra features which may be purchased or may be included in the normally standard list of features and appointments of a vehicle. orange peel: A rough paint surface, resembling the skin of an orange caused by the paint spray failing to flow together. organization for Economic Co-operation and Development: (OECD) An organization whose purpose is to provide its 29 Member countries with a forum in which governments can compare their experiences, discuss the problems they share and seek solutions which can then be applied within their own national contexts. Each member country is committed to the principles of the market economy and pluralistic democracy. orifice: Opening through which gases flow. It is usually the final opening, or any opening controlled by a valve. orig: Abbreviation for "original," as in orig. owner. original condition: An older vehicle that has all of its original paint and equipment and has not been restored or modified. original equipment: These are the items on a vehicle which came from the manufacturer. It does not include accessories produced by "aftermarket" companies (sometimes called "jobber"). Generally original equipment parts are the best for the vehicle. Although it must be admitted that some aftermarket products are better quality and may be less money; however the opposite is also true. original finish: The paint applied to vehicle when it is built by the manufacturer. o ring: See o-ring. o-ring: An o-ring is a doughnut shaped rubber or plastic ring which is placed in a groove and compressed to seal fluid or gas from passing a particular point. o-ring chains: A drive chain (usually used on motorcycles) which has small neo-prene o-rings within the exposed rollers to encircle the pins. The o-rings help to prevent dust from getting in and thus the chain lasts much longer. OSCA: The 1948-56 MT-4 models are milestone cars. oscillate: To swing back and forth like a pendulum. oscillating action: A swinging action such as that in the pendulum of a clock. oscillation: A swinging action such as that in the pendulum of a clock. oscilloscope: A testing unit which projects visual reproduction of the ignition system spark action onto screen of cathode-ray tube. OSD: Acronym for "Otomotiv Sanayii Dernegi" (i.e., Automotive Manufacturers Association) (Turkey) OTR: Acronym for off-road tire. Also see A-2 tire. otto cycle: Four-stroke cycle consisting of the intake, compression, firing, and exhaust strokes. Also see four-stroke cycle engine. ounce inches: An expression of the force exerted by a heavy spot (or counterbalance weight) on a tire. Multiply the weight times its distance from the axle center, i.e., 3 oz. x 7" = 21 ounce inches. outer cap nut: A securing device on a dual mounted disc wheel type where it threads directly on the inner cap nut and holds the outer wheel in place against the hub. outlet: synonymous with vehicle dealership. output shaft: The shaft delivering power from within a mechanism. The shaft leaving the transmission, attached to the propeller shaft or driveshaft, is the transmission output shaft. out-rigger: A device with retractable mechanical legs used to stabilize equipment such as cranes, ditch diggers, etc., while working. outside caliper: See caliper. outside calipers: See caliper. outside corner weld: Fusing two pieces of metal together, with the fusion taking place on the underpart of the seam. oval track: A race course which is shaped like an oval rather than a circle. overall rim diameter: A measurement from the top of the flange to opposite top of the flange 180° away. overcapacity: the situation where maximum global production of automobiles exceeds the total global demand for automobiles. overcure: Vulcanizing a tire longer than necessary. It can result in the deterioration of certain physical properties. overdrive: A unit with a planetary gearset which turns the driveshaft faster than the transmission output shaft. Sometimes the overdrive is an additional gearbox which is mounted in the driveline. Normally the final drive ratio is 1:1; but the overdrive makes it less (e.g., 0.87:1). The overdrive can reduce gas consumption at sustained high-speed driving, engine noise, and engine wear. Also called "overdrive transmission." overdrive transmission: A transmission with a high gear which acts as an overdrive. overflow: To spew out tread compound at the mold parting line or at the edge of the matrix skirt. This excess material should be trimmed or buffed off the finished product. overflow pipe: A tube located in the radiator fill hole that allows excess liquid to escape from the cooling system under conditions of extreme heat, pressure, or overfilling. Also see coolant recovery system. overhaul: See rebuild. overhead cam: (OHC) See overhead camshaft. overhead camshaft: (OHC) The camshaft that activates the valves is mounted above the head and driven by a long timing chain or cam chain. In contrast, a pushrod engine has the camshaft below the cylinders so that thin rods (pushrods) are moved by the camshaft and activate the valves. An engine with an overhead cam means that the distance between the cam and the valves is much shorter, so the valves respond quicker and valve adjustment can be more accurate. Also this system allows for higher engine speed because of fewer moving valvetrain parts. A system with only one cam is called "Single Overhead Cam" (SOHC). In some instances there are two camshafts above the heads (one for the intake valves and the other for the exhaust) and called "double overhead cam" (DOHC). overhead position: A weld made on the underside of the joint with the face of the weld in a horizontal plane. overhead valves: Valves located in the head. Also see I-head engine. over inflation: Excessive tire pressure in relation to the tire size and load carried. It will generally result in wear at the center of the tire tread rather than the outer sides. overlap: [1] The part of the spray band that covers the previous application of paint. A 50% overlap on each stroke is generally recommended. [3] Extension of the weld face metal beyond the toe of the weld. [2] The number of degrees of crankshaft rotation where the both the intake and exhaust valves are open at the same time. This situation will occur only at the end of the exhaust stroke and the beginning of the following intake stroke. Also see valve overlap. overload: Carrying more weight on a tire than its listed maximum carrying capacity or carrying excessive loads on a tire in relation to its inflation (esp. if underinflated). override button: See ABS override button. overrunning clutch: A clutch mechanism that will drive in one direction only. If driving torque is removed or reversed, the clutch slips. Also see freewheeling. overrunning clutch starter drive: A starter drive that is mechanically engaged. When the engine starts, the overrunning clutch operates until the drive is mechanically disengaged. Also see freewheeling. oversize: Installing a tire larger than needed to carry the load. A common (though not always beneficial) practice on passenger vehicles to increase one size when replacing OEM tires. overspray: The fine mist of paint on areas where it is not wanted (glass, moldings, other painted surfaces, etc). The distinguishing mark of a vehicle that has been painted or had body work done. oversquare: An engine where the cylinder bore diameter is greater than the length of the stroke. over square engine: An engine in which the bore diameter is larger than the length of the stroke. oversteer: The tendency for a vehicle, when negotiating a corner, to turn more sharply than the driver intends. The rear end of the vehicle wants to swing toward the outside of a turn. It is generally a sign that the suspension roll resistance is too hard in the rear or too soft in the front. A rear-engine vehicle has a natural tendency to want to swap ends, or oversteer, unless its suspension is adjusted to counteract it. A handling condition in which the slip angles of the rear tires are greater than the slip angles of the front tires. An oversteering car is sometimes said to be "loose," because its tail tends to swing wide. Also see tire deviation angle. overtaking: The action of your passing a vehicle which is going in the same direction you are. overtime: includes pay received for the number of hours worked in excess of the standard workday or workweek. owner's manual: Every new vehicle is supplied with an owner's manual which gives the basic instructions for operating the controls. It includes a maintenance schedule and specifications such as the type and quantity of fluids. For instruction on repair work, you will need a service manual which may be ordered from the dealership which sold you your vehicle. oxide: See aluminum oxide, nitrogen oxides, and nitrous oxide. oxidize: Action where surface of metal is combined with oxygen in the air to produce rust, scale, etc. oxidizing: The combining of oxygen with any other substance. For example, a metal is oxidized when the metal is burned, i.e., oxygen is combined with all the metal or parts of it. oxidizing flame: Flame produced by an excess of oxygen in the torch mixture, leaving some free oxygen which tends to burn the molten metal. oxidation: One of the processes by which enamel paint cures, by combining oxygen in the air with the paint film. This process dries and continues to harden enamel for several weeks. Oxidation also results in chalking in older paint. oxyacetylene welding: See oxygen-acetylene welding oxygen: A gas formed of the element oxygen. When it very actively supports combustion it is called burning; when it slowly combines with a substance it is called oxidation. oxygen acetylene cutting: Cutting metal using the oxygen jet which is incorporated with an oxygen-acetylene, preheating flame or flames. oxygen-acetylene welding: A method of welding, using as a fuel a combination of the two gases - oxygen and acetylene. oxygenated gasoline: Any fuel with a mixture of ethyl or methyl alcohol. The addition of oxygen causes a slightly leaner fuel-air mixture which is especially beneficial with older cars. oxygenated gasolines: See oxygenated gasoline. oxygen cylinder: A specially built container manufactured according to I.C.C. Standards and used to store and ship certain qualities of oxygen. oxygen-hydrogen flame: The chemical combining of oxygen with the fuel gas hydrogen. oxygen-LP gas flame: Chemical combining of oxygen with the fuel gas LP (liquefied petroleum). oxygen regulator: An automatic valve used to reduce cylinder pressures to torch pressures and to keep the pressures constant. They are never to be used as acetylene regulators. oxygen sensor: A pollution control device which measures the amount of oxygen in the exhaust. It controls the fuel-air mixture entering the engine. ozone: A faintly blue form of oxygen produced by the silent discharge of electricity into the air. ozone checking: cracks or hard spots usually found on the sidewalls of tires. Caused by the action of the ozone in the air on the rubber. This condition is normal, but could be dangerous on tires that are more than 65,000 km (40,000 miles) old or have been exposed to the ozone created by electrical machinery. ozone compound: Rubber compounded with certain chemicals to retard ozone damage. Properly this should be called anti-ozone compound. |
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